Acquisition and ecological characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactuca serriola</Emphasis> L. germplasm collected in the Czech Republic,Germany, the Netherlands and United Kingdom

Expeditions were conducted in the Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands and United Kingdom in 2001 (partly 1998) to study Lactuca serriola L. (prickly lettuce, compass plant) geographic distribution, ecology, habitat characteristics and occurrence of diseases and pests on this species. During these missions the seed material of L. serriola L. was collected in an east–west transect of these four countries. The European transect where seeds were collected and field observations were made represents a relatively large area between 2°34′50′′ W–17°32′46′′ E and 47°40′42′′–54°04′19′′ N. The seed material was used for regeneration, inclusion in the national genetic resources collections of individual countries and for research purposes in follow-up studies. During the missions, 50 locations with occurrence of L. serriola L. were visited (16 in Czech Republic and Germany, 10 in UK and 8 in the Netherlands). Individual seed lots of sixteen different plants were collected at each location (L. serriola L. population). Thus, in total 800 seed samples were collected. In Czech Republic and Germany L. serriola L. f. serriola dominated in all observed populations, in the Netherlands both f. serriola and f. integrifolia occurred in pure or mixed stands, whereas in the United Kingdom L. serriola L. f. integrifolia (S.F. Gray) S.D. Prince et R.N. Carter was dominant. L. serriola L. was recorded at various altitudes (−4 to 410 m), different habitats (ditches, along roads, fields and field margins, ruderal places, pavements and parking sites, fallow fields), individual populations varied substantially in size (20 to >1000 plants), area covered (25–10,000 m²), and the structure and character of associated plant communities. Natural infections by downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel) and powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Gelyuta) were observed in some populations. B. lactucae Regel was recorded only in Czech Republic, G. cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Gelyuta was more common in continental Europe. General and specific aspects of L. serriola L. geographic distribution and ecology are discussed.     

Root growth and nitrogen uptake of carrot, early cabbage, onion and lettuce following a range of green manures

An experiment was performed to study the significance of rooting depth of four vegetable crops on their utilization of green manure nitrogen (N). Rates of rooting depth development were estimated as approximately 0.2, 0.7, 1.2 and 1.2 mm day °C^?1 for onion, carrot, lettuce and cabbage, respectively. At harvest, onion and lettuce were found to be shallow‐rooted with final rooting depths of only 0.3 and 0.6 m, respectively, whereas carrot and cabbage reached rooting depths of at least 1.1 m. The two deep‐rooted vegetables increased their N uptake by 46, 24 and 7 kg N ha^?1 when following winter‐hardy legumes, non‐hardy legumes and rye, respectively; the equivalent responses by the two shallow‐rooted crops were 23, 9 and 15 kg N ha^?1, respectively. Thus the deep‐rooted crops used the legume N more efficiently but the shallow‐rooted crops made better use of N left by the non‐legume rye crop. These interactions between green manure type and vegetable crop N response are the result of the dual effects of the green manures: biological N fixation by the legumes, and the variable ability of the green manure crops to concentrate available N in the topsoil. Before shallow‐rooted crops, the ability of rye to concentrate N in the topsoil may be as important as the N fixing ability of legumes.     

生菜的无土栽培技术与管理

无土栽培是指不用天然土壤,而用营养液或固体基质加营养液栽培作物的方法。固体基质或营养液代替天然土壤向作物提供良好的水、肥、气、热等根际环境条件,使作物完成从苗期开始的整个生命周期。详细介绍了生菜的无土栽培技术与管理。     

茶多酚降低莴笋酱菜中亚硝酸盐含量的途径

对茶多酚（Ｔｅａｐｏｌｙｐｈｅｎｏｌｓ，ＴＰ）降低莴笋（ＬａｃｔｕｃａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）酱菜中亚硝酸盐含量的途径进行了探讨。结果表明，ＴＰ通过与ＮＯ－３作用、抑制与ＮＯ－２形成有关的细菌的活动以及与ＮＯ－２直接作用而降低酱菜中的ＮＯ－２含量，其中以ＴＰ与ＮＯ－２的直接作用为其主要降低途径。ＴＰ的最佳抑制浓度为０．０２％～０．０４％，该浓度对ＮＯ－２的阻断率达５０％～６４％。     

施肥与填闲种植籽粒苋对油麦菜Cd和土壤Cd的影响

为了分析评价农艺措施在叶菜类蔬菜生产过程中对阻控Cd污染方面的作用,于2017年3月至2018年10月以油麦菜为试材,在高含量Cd设施土壤上,采用随机区组田间试验,连续2年研究不同施肥及填闲种植籽粒苋对油麦菜产量、Cd吸收及土壤Cd的影响。结果表明：有机肥料和无机肥料按照1：1的比例配施,可以显著提高油麦菜的产量;单施化肥不会导致土壤中总Cd的增加,但可促进植株对Cd的吸收。有机肥的大量施入存在土壤Cd累积的风险,而填闲种植籽粒苋可以有效防控这种风险。通过连续2年种植籽粒苋,试验各处理土壤Cd被带出11 668.81~15 800.39 mg·hm^-2。各施肥处理,土壤Cd净减少量从高到低依次为：单施化肥处理（16 219.03 mg·hm^-2） > 鸡粪加化肥处理（10 800.72 mg·hm^-2） > 羊粪加化肥处理（8 684.25 mg·hm^-2） > 单施鸡粪处理（6 423.05 mg·hm^-2） > 单施羊粪处理（-3 400.11 mg·hm^-2）。研究表明,综合考量产量、植株Cd含量及土壤Cd累积等因素,在油麦菜种植过程中采用鸡粪与化肥按照1：1的比例配施并结合填闲种植籽粒苋是推荐的农艺种植措施,可实现土壤中的Cd负增长。     

基于转录组测序的不同光学分光膜下生菜叶片的基因表达差异分析

新型光伏农业是在满足农作物生长的光照需求下进行光伏发电。为研究不同光学分光膜下生菜叶片的差异基因表达情况,以‘阿迪娜’生菜为试验材料,利用转录组测序（RNA-seq）技术分析在覆盖红蓝滤光膜（RBFF）和远红光截止膜（RICF）条件下生菜叶片的基因表达水平。结果表明,RBFF条件下有2685个基因存在差异表达,其中有1380个上调表达基因,1305个下调表达基因。RICF条件下有3264个基因差异表达,其中上调表达基因有881个,下调表达基因2383个。进一步分析发现,1498个差异表达基因在RBFF和RICF条件下均表达,1187个基因在RBFF条件下差异表达,1766个在RICF条件下差异表达。从上述差异表达基因中筛选出10个可能与光胁迫相关的基因,实时荧光定量验证转录组数据的可靠性。结果表明,大部分基因的表达情况与测序结果一致,说明转录组数据是可靠的。光响应相关基因的表达分析结果显示,RBFF覆盖下大部分基因在覆盖15 d时大量表达,达到表达高峰。RICF下的3个基因表达量较高,其余的表达量较低,大部分基因在 15~21 d时达到表达高峰。本研究为进一步挖掘生菜基因组中光响应基因以及揭示生菜对光响应的分子机制提供理论依据和数据支持。     

无土栽培生菜品比试验

为满足市民绿色消费的需求,提升蔬菜品质,筛选适宜靖江地区无土栽培的生菜品种,以3个生菜品种为材料,对其生育期、植株性状、产量等指标进行比较。结果显示:奶油生菜和辛普森生菜产量较高,综合性状均优于紫叶生菜,可作为靖江水培蔬菜种植推荐品种。     

程序降温过程中吲哚乙酸对生菜种子抗低温胁迫的影响

种子是植物越冬的重要生存策略,种子低温保存是种质资源保存的主要方式.选取含水生菜种子作为研究对象,利用程序降温仪制造不同的降温速率(3℃/h和60℃/h),研究吲哚乙酸(IAA)对种子抗寒性的影响.结果表明,相比于快速降温(60℃/h),慢速降温(3℃/h)有利于生菜种子内源IAA的积累.外源施加IAA可以降低程序降温(经慢速降温后更显著)过程中生菜种子的冷冻伤害,其中以200 μm的IAA对种子进行预处理效果最显著.无论降温速率如何,生菜种子遇到低温胁迫后SOD活性和脯氨酸含量会显著增加.外源施加IAA浓度越高,对SOD活性产生抑制作用,而IAA对脯氨酸含量有促进作用.降温速率以及外源IAA浓度也会对冷相关的ICE 1、HOS 1基因的相对表达量产生影响.     

增施CO_2气肥对温室结球莴苣光合作用影响的综合模型研究

为探讨不同温度和光照条件下增施 CO2 气肥对温室作物生长的影响 ,应用红外线 CO2 气体分析仪测定方法 ,对不同 CO2 浓度下结球莴苣光合作用速率的变化进行了深入系统的研究 ,并分别建立了低温条件下和中、高温条件下增施 CO2 气肥对光合作用速率影响的综合模型。研究结果表明 ,在一定范围内 ,随着光照度提高和温度上升 ,增施 CO2 气肥对于光合作用的促进效果提高 ,但是超过饱和点后会有负的效应。本实验条件下 ,结球莴苣光合作用最佳的生态因子组合为 :光照度 897.3μmol· m- 2 · s- 1 ,温度 2 8.9℃ ,CO2 浓度 2 16 0μL / L ,此时的净光合速率 (CO2 ) Pn为 36 .0 μm ol· m- 2· s- 1。     

基于高光谱的油麦菜叶片水分CARS-ABC-SVR预测模型

为了实现油麦菜生长期间更合理的灌水管理,研究一种基于高光谱技术的精确、快速、有效检测油麦菜叶片水分的新方法。以5种不同水分胁迫水平的油麦菜为研究对象,通过高光谱成像系统获取高光谱图像并利用干燥法测量叶片含水率。采用多项式平滑(Savitzky-Golay,SG)结合标准变量变换(standard normalized variable,SNV)对高光谱数据去噪平滑。利用竞争性自适应加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)进行特征波长选择,并与逐步回归分析(stepwise regression,SR)及连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)进行比较,利用支持向量回归机(support vector regression,SVR)分别建立油麦菜叶片全光谱数据、3种特征光谱数据与干基含水率的关系模型。结果表明,基于竞争性自适应加权算法波长选择的支持向量回归模型(CARS-SVR)效果最佳,但预测精度尚不够理想,故引入人工蜂群算法(artificial bee colony,ABC)优化模型的参数惩罚因子和核参数。最终,经人工蜂群算法优化后的模型(CARS-ABC-SVR)的预测集决定系数R2和均方根误差RMSE分别为0.9214和2.95%。因此,利用高光谱技术结合CARS-ABC-SVR模型预测油麦菜叶片水分含量是可行的。