不同灌水条件下分层施肥对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了明确分层施肥在不同灌水条件下对冬小麦产量、耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响,为黄淮海地区小麦高产高效生产实践提供理论依据。结合当地冬小麦灌溉制度采用水肥2因素裂区试验,水分为主区,施肥方式为副区,设置3个灌溉处理:春季不灌水(W_0)、春季拔节期灌水(W_1)、春季拔节期灌水+开花期灌水(W_2),灌水量90 mm/次;2种施肥方式处理:常规施肥处理(F_1)和分层施肥处理(F_2),分析了不同灌水与施肥模式下冬小麦产量、耗水特性和水分利用效率的特点。结果表明:与F_1相比,F_2处理40—120 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量、冬小麦拔节期—开花期耗水强度和农田耗水量显著增加,其中以W_2F_2处理农田耗水量最高。分层施肥处理冬小麦水分利用效率较常规施肥提升14.2%～3.0%,其中以W_1F_2处理水分利用效率最高。在3种灌水条件下,分层施肥处理较常规施肥显者增加了冬小麦的单位面积穗数,产量增加19.8%～6.4%,其中W_(2 )F_2产量最高。因此,建议在水分充足地区,采取小麦春季灌溉拔节水和开花水结合底肥分层施用的管理方式;在水资源短缺地区,采取小麦春季灌溉拔节水结合底肥分层施用的管理方式。     

Stabilization of chromium(VI) by hydroxysulfate green rust in chromium(VI)-contaminated soils

Chromium (Cr)-contaminated soils pose a great environmental risk, with high solubility and persistent leaching of Cr(VI). In this study, hydroxysulfate green rust (GR_SO4), with the general formula Fe(II)₄Fe(III)₂(OH)₁₂SO₄·8H₂O, was evaluated for its efficiency in Cr(VI) stabilization via Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) in four representative Cr(VI)-spiked soils. The initial concentrations of phosphate buffer-extractable Cr(VI) (Cr(VI)_b) in soils 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 382.4, 575.9, 551.3, and 483.7 mg kg^-1, respectively. Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by structural Fe(II) (Fe(II)_s) in GR_SO4 in all studied soils was fast, wherein the application of GR_SO4 markedly decreased the amount of Cr(VI)_b at the Cr(VI)_b/Fe(II)_s stoichiometric mole ratio of 0.33. The kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction by GR_SO4 could not be determined as this reaction coincided with the release of Cr(VI) from soil during the experiment. The concentration of Cr(VI)_b decreased, as the Cr(VI)_b/Fe(II)_s ratio decreased from 0.46 to 0.20, generally to below 10 mg kg^-1. Back-transformation of the generated Cr(III) was examined in the presence of manganese oxide birnessite at the birnessite/initial Cr(III) mole ratio of 4.5. The results of batch tests showed that only 5.2% of the initial Cr(III) was converted to Cr(VI) after two months, while under field capacity moisture conditions, less than 0.05% of the initial Cr(III) was oxidized to Cr(VI) after six months. The results illustrated that remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soils would be fast, successful, and irreversible with an appropriate quantity of fresh GR_SO4.     

Internet上流媒体实时多点播放质量适应机制研究

在视频单点播放质量适应机制和VOD系统的代理缓冲机制的基础上，就Internet上流媒体的实时多点播系统提出了一种以分层编码为模型的代理缓冲质量适应机制，着重讨论了数据层的增加和丢弃算法及数据层在代理缓冲空间中的分配和替代过程，实例分析表明该机制能有效地提高各接收方的播放质量并使得播放过程具有平滑性。     

Analysis and Simulation of Plant Type on Canopy Structure and Radiation Transmission in Rice

Three typical hybrid rice cultivars,together with three artificially modified plant types by the application of N fertilizer during the elongation of the two uppermost leaves were used to analyze how the plant type affected the layered leaf area and radiation transmission.Plant type factors,layered leaf area and radiation distribution were measured at the full heading,10 d and 25 d after full heading stages,respectively.A model for calculating the layered leaf area from plant type factors was established and validated to determine the effects of plant type factors on the layered leaf area for the three hybrids.Furthermore,the relationship between layered leaf area and radiation transmission was established by using the radiation transmission model.The effects of the plant type factors on the radiation transmission for the three hybrids were evaluated by using this model.Finally,a method was established to describe the canopy structure,such as the layered leaf area index and the radiation distribution in the rice canopy.     

人力资本投资内生波动的控制研究

魏晋南北朝时期，尚书令史的职责不像汉代仅限于掌文书和参与礼仪活动，而是扩展到参与司法事务、参议政策、检查户籍、进行经济营生、协助选举等领域。尚书令史对魏晋南北朝时期的官吏选举产生了很大影响，它自己是“小选”的对象，又在官员选举中制造滥选案件。尚书令史职责扩展、政治影响扩大的原因与尚书台职权扩大有关，也是当时士风影响的结果。     

双金属氧化物和改性赤泥对潮褐土中外源砷的调控研究

选取双金属氧化物(LDO)和两种改性赤泥(RM1和RM2)为钝化剂,应用室内模拟培养和盆栽试验的方法,研究了潮褐土中外源砷(As)添加量为10 mg·kg-1和50 mg·kg-1时,培养时间和钝化剂添加量对土壤砷有效性、小油菜吸收砷的调控效果.结果表明,添加钝化剂后,随着培养时间延长,土壤有效砷的含量均呈下降趋势,其中以LDO的调控效果最佳,培养12周时土壤有效砷含量分别降至1.06 mg·kg-1(添加10 mg·kg-1时)和5.77 mg·kg-1(添加50 mg·kg-1时);随着钝化剂添加量的增加,土壤中易溶态砷(AE-As)的含量逐渐降低,钙结合态砷(Ca-As)的含量则逐渐增加.3种钝化剂比较,添加LDO时铁结合态砷(Fe-As)含量降低,而添加RM2时铝结合态砷(Al-As)含量降低、Fe-As含量增加.盆栽实验结果表明,RM2能显著降低小油菜地上部分的砷含量,且对小油菜生长没有明显影响,在外源砷添加量为50 mg·kg-1时,添加RM2后小油菜地上部分砷含量比CK降低了33.7％; LDO也可显著降低小油菜地上部分的砷含量,但同时抑制了小油菜生长,导致其产量显著低于CK.相对改性赤泥而言,采用LDO并不是调控潮褐土中砷有效性的较好选择.     

The Micro/Macro Mechanic Analysis of PD3 Pearlitic Steel with Layered Microstructures

A micro/macroscopic analysis of PD3 pearlitic steel with layered microstructure is carried on.Based on the compatibilit conditions of stress and strain at the interface between two layers as well as the mixed law of composites,constitutive equations of an effective homogeneous inclusion are obtained.combining these equations with the K B W self consistent model,the micro macroscopic transition has been estabilished.It turns out that the analysis is capable of determining the overall responses of materials as well as local stress evolution in microstructure under monotonic and cyclic loading.It is found that stress in the thin cementite layer is very high.This is caused by intersification of the local plastic flow of the soft ferrite layer in which more loading is transferred cycle by cycle to the hard phase.Furthermore,a strength dimension law that the strength is inversely proportional to the square root of the layer thickness is developed to explain the high strength of the cementite layer.     

用中子仪测定土壤含水率时的标定问题研究

以均质沙壤土和由沙壤土与沙土组成的层状土为材料,在室内对中子水分探测仪进行了土壤水分标定试验.供试土壤装填在直径57 cm、高90 cm的塑料桶内,其中层状土的分层次序为沙壤土、沙土、沙壤土,每层厚度30 cm.试验中同时观测中子计数和土壤质量含水率;利用统计学方法分析中子计数与土壤含水率之间的相关关系.试验结果表明:中子计数与土壤含水率之间的标定关系存在有效适用范围,即当土壤含水率低于某一个值时,中子仪的标定关系与大于该值时的标定关系完全不同;中子仪在均质土壤中的标定关系可用线性关系表示,而且用整体标定的线性关系代替分层标定的线性关系仍然可以得到满意的精度;但是,中子仪在层状土壤中的标定关系表现出明显的非线性特点,如果用线性关系采标定,则只有用分层标定才能得到满意的精度.该研究结果时改进中子仪标定方法有帮助.     

水质对层状土壤入渗过程的影响

供水水质的异同可能会影响层状土壤积水的入渗过程。将去离子水、天然降水、天然积水、自来水4种水质的水作用于3种土壤构型(均质塿土、塿夹砂、砂夹塿),讨论了4种水质的积水入渗对层状土壤结构入渗特征的影响。结果表明,不同水质和土壤构型的入渗时间由长到短分别为:去离子水、天然降水、自来水、天然积水(不同水质)和均质塿土、塿夹砂、砂夹塿(不同土壤构型)。4种水质累积入渗量的变化趋势基本相同,其累积入渗量由大到小分别为:天然降水、自来水、去离子水、天然积水(不同水质)和砂夹塿、塿夹砂、均质塿土(不同土壤构型)。相同时间内不同土壤构型的湿润锋推进距离由小到大为:均质塿土、塿夹砂、砂夹塿;水质对层状土壤湿润锋推进距离的影响程度由土壤分层组合方式决定。     

2FHF-4.56型宽行距作物基肥对行分层深施机设计与试验

针对当前西北干旱地区宽行距作物种植过程中施肥方式不科学,传统撒施肥料用量大、利用率低,该研究结合作物种植农艺特点,提出在作物行方向进行基肥分层深施措施,并研制了基肥对行分层深施机,对仿形单体进行设计,分析了仿形单体的运动学和力学特性,确定了仿形单体质量和仿形弹簧型号。同时研制了一种基于雄性蜣螂头部角状突起的仿生开沟铲,得到仿生开沟铲刃轮廓曲线拟合方程,确定了仿生开沟铲结构及工作参数。通过土槽试验优化了仿生开沟铲前刃角,得出前刃角最佳角度为65°,此时仿生铲相对传统铲的开沟阻力减小42.6%,对土壤的扰动明显减小。样机田间试验表明,分层施肥作业对行精度偏差平均值为2.7 cm,6组施肥铲浅层肥料深度平均值为12.44 cm,浅层施肥深度一致性变异系数为6.12%;深层肥料深度平均值为20.49 cm,深层施肥深度一致性变异系数为4.98%。施肥模式对比试验表明,对行分层施肥的植株长势更好,棉果枝数和单株铃数更多,根系发育更为良好,肥料减施25%,同时棉花平均每公顷增产8.9%,玉米平均每公顷增产8.6%,研究结果表明,对行分层深施肥具有较好的减肥增效作用,对推进棉花生产科学施肥具有重大价值和现实意义。