番茄侧根原基发生相关基因RSI-1在烟草中功能的初步研究

为探讨番茄(Lycopersiconesculentumvar.cerasiforme)侧根原基发生相关基因RSI-1在形态发育过程中的作用及其在获得具超量侧根的转基因作物的应用前景,研究分析了RSI-1基因在烟草(Nicotianatabacum)中超量、反义抑制和RNA干扰表达后植株形态及转基因植株内侧根发生相关植物激素含量的变化特征。结果显示,RSI-1超量表达后,植株株高下降,叶片数和分支数有明显增加,而RSI-1反义抑制和RNA干扰表达后植株形态及赤霉素、生长素、脱落酸和玉米素及核苷的含量均没有发生显著变化。推测RSI-1的表达可以促进植物分枝的发生,但其在高等植物中的同源性可能较低,利用该基因定向改造弱根系作物时还需结合根特异启动子的应用。     

农业产业化程度的评估方法

在对农业产业化的理论分析基础上，确定了反映农业产业化程度的指标体系，并探讨了利用灰色关联评估模型评价区域间农业产业化程度的方法。     

Dynamics of arsenic-containing compounds sorption on sediments

Background  River and lake sediments constitute complex and difficult analytical samples. On the other hand, sediments play a fundamental role in the distribution of toxic compounds in aquatic systems and in the evaluation of the current state and the course of changes taking place in the environment. Among elements present in the environment in trace concentrations, but having well-elaborated toxic properties, one of most dangerous is arsenic. The element occurs in the environment in several chemical forms, predominant are inorganic forms of As(V) and As(III), and methylated forms such as monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA). Objectives  Reported herein are experiments, which were undertaken with the aim of examining the dynamics of arsenic sorption in sediments and its dependence on speciation of the element and the pH in the environment. Simultaneously, influence of organic matter content and chemical composition of the sediments on As sorption, were investigated. Methods  Sediment samples (upper 10 cm layer) were collected from three sites located in the vicinity of Cracow:

基于叶墙面积的果树施药量模型设计及试验

变量喷雾技术是提高喷雾效果、降低农药使用率的有效手段,而准确的树冠特征参数检测及施药量模型是其关键。为克服果园变量喷雾中果树特征参数检测效率低和对环境要求高的缺陷,该文通过LiDAR(light detection and ranging)检测技术获取表征树冠特征参数的叶墙面积LWA(leaf wall area),并利用图像处理技术计算树冠参数参考值。为了表征树叶密度和LWA对变量喷雾的共同影响效果,研究基于LWA的决策系数KLWA,KLWA由反映果树冠层分区内点云在水平方向平均深度下的分布密度K1和分区内点云分布高度极差占分区高度的比值K2加权决定。通过计算垂直方向各分区内决策系数KLWA,并代入流量函数可得出基于KLWA的施药量计算模型,进一步计算电磁阀PWM占空比并调节水泵和电磁阀的工作状态,使喷头的流量对应冠层各区得到动态调整,实现基于LWA的变量喷雾。利用自制的室外变量喷雾验证装置,进行了多喷头变量喷雾试验,试验结果表明,果树的药液附着率均接近100%,说明基于LWA的变量喷雾模型可实现有效喷雾,与连续喷雾相对比,基于LWA的变量喷雾施药量模型的省药率为68.34%,与纯对靶定量喷雾比,基于LWA的变量喷雾施药量模型的省药率为32.77%。     

灌溉入渗条件下农田土壤水盐动态简化模型及应用

率先采用线性简化式 ,并引入优先流系数来表示计算土层下边界渗漏水流通量 ;然后导出了计算土层入渗前后土壤储水量变化公式 ,在此基础上又引入淋洗系数 ,导出了入渗前后土壤储盐量变化公式。通过对公式的讨论 ,提出了灌溉水矿化度临界方程 ,讨论了淋洗系数和优先流系数的物理意义和影响因素。本文所建模型简单适用 ,而且与田间实测灌溉水矿化度临界方程极其吻合 ,可为农田灌溉水矿化度的选择提供参考     

山东省冬小麦品种冠层结构及光截获的研究

研究了山东省14个冬小麦高产品种（系）的冠层结构和光截获（LI）及分布特性。结果表明：参试材料间盛花期冠层消光系数K存在显著差异。中下层叶片相对光强（I／I0）的差异程度大于上层叶片。适度的增加上部节间长、提高株高构成指数（IL）、降低上层叶片面积所占比例和角度指数，有助于减小冠层K并改善透光条件。盛花期LI及分布特性对作物生长率（CGR）、籽粒形成及最终产量有重要影响。并对小麦冠层结构改良和研究的有关问题进行了探讨。     

模拟氮沉降对白羊草地群落特征及其坡面流水动力特性的影响

大气氮沉降的增加可能会通过草地群落进而影响坡面流水动力特性。选取黄土高原典型地带性草本白羊草为研究对象,通过设置不同施氮处理(0,2.5,5,10 g/(m2·a),以N计,下同)模拟氮沉降,采用人工模拟降雨,探究土壤有效氮升高对白羊草群落季节变化及坡面流水动力特征的影响。结果表明,一定程度的施氮可有效增加白羊草盖度,促进藻结皮的生长,但会抑制苔藓结皮的发育。施氮使Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数分别降低了68.6%～71.5%和44.7%～47.4%;平均流速加快了32.0%～44.0%,径流深减小了25.1%～28.7%,同时,使径流剪切力和水流功率显著增加,过水断面单位能减少。随着季节变化,9月白羊草群落坡面Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数分别较6—8月显著增加了220.2%～496.9%和79.5%～139.4%,平均流速减缓了23.5%～29.7%,径流深增加了36.4%～66.9%,径流剪切力和水流功率均显著降低,过水断面单位能增加。降雨强度对坡面流特征也存在显著影响。随着降雨强度的增大,坡面流阻力减小,进而导致流速、径流深及水流功率增加。草地具有良好的调控坡面流的作用,然而大气氮沉降的增加可能会加剧草地群落坡面土壤侵蚀。     

膜下滴灌条件下水分对棉花根系分布特征的影响

通过分层土柱挖掘法，研究膜下滴灌条件下不同滴灌量棉花（Gossypium hirsutum L．）根系的分布特征。结果表明：直径〉1mm的粗根只分布在40cm以上的土层；随着土层深度增加，棉花根系生物量逐渐减少；但随着滴灌量减少，土壤深层根系生物量有增加趋势。不同处理的根系生物量的分布与土层深度呈显著的负指数关系，棉花细根生物量、根长、根表面积在土壤中垂直分布都呈“单峰型”曲线变化规律；但随着滴灌量的减少，棉花根系消弱系数β呈增加趋势。     

Technical solutions to reduce the risk of subsoil compaction: effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil

The use of heavy machinery is increasing in agriculture, which induces increased risks of subsoil compaction. Hence, there is a need for technical solutions that reduce the compaction risk at high total machine loads. Three field experiments were performed in order to study the effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil. Vertical soil stress was measured at three different depths by installing probes into the soil horizontally from a dug pit. In one experiment, also the stress distribution below the tyre was measured. Beneath the dual wheels, vertical stresses at 0.15 and 0.3 m depth were lower between the two wheels than under the centre of each wheel, despite the gap between the wheels being small (0.1 m). At 0.5 m depth, vertical stress beneath the wheels was the same as between the two wheels. The stress interaction from the two wheels was weak, even in the subsoil. Accordingly, measured stresses at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 m depth were highest under the centre of each axle centre line of tandem wheels, and much lower between the axles. For a wheel load of 86 kN, tyre inflation pressure significantly affected stress at 0.3 m depth, but not at greater depths. Stress directly below the tyre, measured at 0.1 m depth, was unevenly distributed, both in driving direction and perpendicular to driving direction, and maximum stress was considerably higher than tyre inflation pressure. Calculations of vertical stress based on Boussinesq's equation for elastic materials agreed well with measurements. A parabolic or linear contact stress distribution (stress declines from the centre to the edge of the contact area) was a better approximation of the contact stress than a uniform stress distribution. The results demonstrate that stress in the soil at different depths is a function of the stress on the surface and the contact area, which in turn are functions of wheel load, wheel arrangement, tyre inflation pressure, contact stress distribution and soil conditions. Soil stress and soil compaction are a function of neither axle load nor total vehicle load. This is of great importance for practical purposes. Reducing wheel load, e.g. by using dual or tandem wheels, also allows tyre inflation pressure to be reduced. This reduces the risk of subsoil compaction.     

A phenetic analysis and lateral key of the genus Lolium (Gramineae)

88 herbarium specimens of the genus Lolium were scored for 22 characters, comprising 7 vegetative, 8 inflorescence and 7 seed characters. The aim was to review the species relationship and to produce a lateral key to the genus. The data were analysed using principal components analysis, discriminant function analysis and cluster analysis. All analyses separated L. perenne, L. multiflorum and L. temulentum from each other. The 2 varieties of L. rigidum showed varying degrees of separation from each other and from L. multiflorum. Their distinction as a species and as 2 varieties is discussed. L. perenne and L. rigidum were shown to contain the greatest similarity between species and L. temulentum was found to be the most distinct. A lateral key is proposed that separates the species on the basis of 11 morphological characters that are easily scored in the field.