大黄鱼仔鱼摄食节律与生长的初步研究

本文研究了大黄鱼仔鱼的昼夜摄食习性及生长。实验结果表明:全长5.0—5.5mm的大黄鱼仔鱼具有明显的昼夜摄食节律,白天摄食,夜间不摄食。白天有三个摄食高峰,以下午13:00最高,早上9:00和下午17:00次之。仔鱼在12日龄前生长较慢,12日龄后生长明显加快。全长与日龄之间的关系可用方程TL=3.7545e~(0.047D)表示。     

乌鳢仔鱼摄食和消化器官的发育及其选食行为

研究日龄１～２０ｄ，全长３．９～２１．０ｍｍ的乌鳢仔鱼摄食和消化器官的发育特征，仔鱼的食物组成及其选食行为。仔鱼全长５．５ｍｍ时出现颌齿和咽齿，７．５ｍｍ时出现犁齿和副蝶（骨）齿，９．４ｍｍ时出现腭齿；全长８．３３ｍｍ左右，分化出胃、肠。仔鱼孵出后第３ｄ开口摄食。仔鱼主要摄食浮游动物，主要食物随仔鱼摄食器官和消化器官的发育而变化。摄食初期（４ｄ龄）主要为小型枝角类和轮虫，但仅显示出对小型枝角类正的选择性。之后，胃肠内的食物类群增多，由选食枝角类变为选食桡足类。研究结果表明乌鳢仔鱼对食物选择性的这一变化是仔鱼本身摄食和消化器官的发育状态以及各类食物生物的相对密度等诸因素决定的。     

高温对粘虫未成熟期生长发育的影响

本文报道了粘虫卵、幼虫和蛹在２４℃以上４种高温中生长发育的情况。结果表明,卵在相对湿度８０％左右,温度为２４－３３℃范围内均能顺利孵化,孵化率均在８７％以上,而３５℃中卵不能孵化,幼虫和蛹死亡率随着温度的升高而增加,３５℃时所有幼虫均在幼虫期或蛹期死亡,未成熟期（卵、幼虫和蛹）在２４－３０℃范围内随着温度的升高而缩短,３３℃时反而有所延长。高温对幼虫虫龄及各龄幼虫头壳宽度也有显著的影响（ｐ＜０．０５）．２４、２７℃中老熟幼虫均为６龄,而３０、３３、３５℃中７龄老熟幼虫比例分别占４％、２４％、１００％．各龄幼虫的头壳宽度以２７℃的最宽,且随着温度的升高而逐渐下降（３５℃的２龄幼虫除外）,不论其差异是否显著。３３℃以上高温显著不利于幼虫头壳的增长。蛹也是以２７℃的最重,且随着温度的升高而降低,３３℃时达到显著差异（ｐ＜０．０５）．由此可见,３３℃以上高温不仅不利于粘虫幼虫和蛹的生存,而且导致幼虫蜕皮次数增加,各龄幼虫头壳宽度变小,未成熟期延长及蛹重降低等发育受阻现象,而３５℃高温直接对卵和蛹有完全致死作用,这些结果均是粘虫夏天在我国南方地区不能渡夏的直接原因。     

无齿相手蟹的幼体发育

无齿相手蟹的幼体发育经过4个sou状幼体和1个大眼幼体期。大水温25－26℃，盐度15，光照度200－200Lx的条件下，从第一期sou状幼体出膜到大眼幼体出现历时12d；大眼幼体至第一期幼蟹出现为4－5d。作者观察的无齿相手蟹各期幼体的形态与Baba所描述的有些不同，尤其是各期sou状幼体第1，2颚足的刚体数本文结果均分别为不变的10根和4根，且按2，2，3，3和1，1，1，1有规律的排列，本文还对相手蟹属的幼体形态特征进行讨论和简要总结。     

条石鲷胚胎及仔稚鱼的发育

通过对条石鲷胚胎发育和仔鱼发育形态的观察，确定了条石鲷早期发育的进程。条石鲷的受精卵为圆球形、透明、浮性，卵径为0．90～0．95mill，油球1个，卵裂为盘状卵裂。在水温23～24℃，盐度26～28的条件下，受精后7h 10mirh胚胎发育至原肠期；受精后12h，眼囊形成；受精后20h 30min，心跳开始搏动；受精后26h 30min仔鱼孵出。初孵仔鱼全长1．78～2．03min，至5日龄全长3．25～3．30min时，卵黄囊完全消失；至8～15日龄，全长3．50～4．97mm时，鳔形成；至18．20日龄，全长7．10～7．31min时，尾鳍鳍条发育完整。     

条石鲷胚胎及仔稚鱼的发育

通过对条石鲷胚胎发育和仔鱼发育形态的观察,确定了条石鲷早期发育的进程。条石鲷的受精卵为圆球形、透明、浮性,卵径为0．90～0．95mill,油球1个,卵裂为盘状卵裂。在水温23～24℃,盐度26～28的条件下,受精后7h 10mirh胚胎发育至原肠期;受精后12h,眼囊形成;受精后20h 30min,心跳开始搏动;受精后26h 30min仔鱼孵出。初孵仔鱼全长1．78～2．03min,至5日龄全长3．25～3．30min时,卵黄囊完全消失;至8～15日龄,全长3．50～4．97mm时,鳔形成;至18．20日龄,全长7．10～7．31min时,尾鳍鳍条发育完整。     

Interspecific differences in early life‐history traits in a species complex of stream‐resident galaxiids

Fish differentially provision resources to eggs and larvae to optimise survival during the critical early life‐history period. Resource allocation is limited by a trade‐off between egg size and fecundity, and the optimal strategy varies with habitat type. This study examines the consequences of egg size differences for the early life‐histories of four closely related galaxiid species which occur in contrasting habitat types on the South Island, New Zealand. Headwater species had substantially larger water‐hardened eggs, longer incubation times, and newly hatched larvae were on average up to 41% longer than lower catchment species. Significant interspecific differences in gape diameter, eye diameter and myomere depth were also observed. Swimming ability was positively associated with larval length at hatch. Interspecific differences in length and swimming ability were generally maintained throughout the larval period, despite larvae being reared under relatively benign conditions where many other studies suggest initial differences should disappear. These results demonstrate the consequences of differential maternal provisioning to the egg for larval traits. The larger larvae of headwater species are likely to be more resistant to starvation and have improved foraging ability compared to lower catchment species; traits which are likely to confer them survival advantages in the low productivity, food‐scarce environments they occupy. The smaller larvae of lower catchment species are likely to be a consequence of females investing in fecundity in these relatively resource‐rich streams.     

Larval traits of the Caribbean amphidromous goby Sicydium punctatum (Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) in Guadeloupe

Amphidromous fish are the biggest contributor to the diversity of fish communities in river systems of Caribbean islands. Among them, Sicydium punctatum Perugia, 1896, which is endemic to the West Indies, represents the vast majority of fish in these rivers. The otolith microstructure and the biometry of S. punctatum postlarvae from Guadeloupe were investigated to explore the dispersal modalities of this species through an appreciation of the growth pattern, the pelagic larval duration (PLD) and the size‐at‐recruitment. The study was made on one cohort of 83 recruited postlarvae, fished at the Capesterre River's mouth on 2 November 2011. The mean (±SD) size‐at‐recruitment of the postlarvae was 24.6 ± 1.3 mm (range of 20.5–28.1 mm, n = 83). We found a mean (±SD) PLD of 72.2 ± 10.5 days (range of 54–101.5 days, n = 67). The growth rate estimated from the otolith increments showed a globally decreasing pattern during the marine larval phase. Growth rates at the beginning of the larval stage were significantly different between hatching periods, suggesting a relation between the hatching period and the growth rate in S. punctatum. This study adds on to the general understanding of the life cycle of S. punctatum in Guadeloupe that will help implement strategies to manage amphidromous fish populations in the Caribbean region.     

The rumen ciliates of greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (Pallas) from South Africa and Zimbabwe with a description of one new species

Eighteen species of the family Ophryoscoiecidae, representing three genera, and three species of the family Isotrichidae representing two genera, were found in the rumina of kudu from the Republic of South Africa and Zimbabwe. One new ophryoscolecid Entodinium carinatum is described. Certain aspects of the taxonomy of Diplodinium archon, Entodinium longinucleatum and Entodinium dilobum are discussed     

彩纸对茶尺蠖幼虫诱集效率的研究

本文研究了不同颜色彩纸在室内、野外对茶尺蠖幼虫的诱集以及彩纸与茶树共存时对茶尺蠖的竞争诱集。结果表明,不同颜色纸对茶尺蠖一龄幼虫有不同的诱集率,柠檬黄色纸诱引力最大,土黄、黄绿色纸次之。柠檬黄、土黄、黄绿色纸与茶树竞争诱集时,彩纸比寄主植物诱引力大。