渔业公共资源管理的制度经济学探讨

渔业公共资源管理既是一个国际性难题,也是我国渔业现代化和市场经济进程中,必须面对和妥善解决的渔业公共资源问题.本文重点分析了当前我国渔业公共资源存在的冲突矛盾,揭示其内在共性特征,总结了福建省渔业公共资源管理的经验和管理模式,结合渔业公共资源管理现状,提出了进一步完善我国渔业公共资源管理的制度设计思路和体制机制设计的原则,研究了适应我国社会主义市场经济条件下的渔业公共资源管理思路.     

Fishery by-catch and discards: a positive perspective from ecosystem-based fishery management

By-catch and (or) discards in fisheries have been considered a serious problem and have been unanimously criticized by politicians, environmental groups, the public and scientists. However, it is possible to determine biologically acceptable amounts of discards that fulfil the objectives of ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM). For instance, while discards have been shown to impact some systems negatively, they can be a potential benefit in other systems. Using a prawn trawl fishery as an example, this paper discusses some of the potentially positive effects of discards. As in many facets of EBFM, the key for the management of discards is sustainability and precaution. In particular, it is important to give full consideration to the implications of reducing discards to the lowest extent possible.     

机械工程认识实习教学模式的创新与实践

机械工程认识实习足本科生进入专业课程学习之前的一个集中实践教学环节。在分析了过去认识实习教学中存在的问题的基础上,提出了其改革的方向和途径;阐述了机械工程认识实习校内实践教学平台的建设方案和内容。通过组织实施三届大规模的认识实习,验证了校内实践教学平台建设方案的可行性。     

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp fishery of Texas, Louisiana, and adjoining Gulf of Mexico EEZ

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, fishery in inshore (estuarine) and offshore (Gulf of Mexico) territorial waters of Texas and Louisiana, and adjoining waters of the United States’ (U.S.) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and its potentially detrimental economic consequences to the harvesting sector, have not been among major concerns of Federal and State shrimp management agencies. Three possible reasons include (1) environmentally influenced variations in recruitment that cause wide fluctuations in annual landings, which tend to obscure effects of fishing, (2) competition between inshore and offshore components of the harvesting sector, and (3) partitioning of management jurisdiction among a Federal council and two State agencies. Wide variations in landings led to beliefs that high levels of fishing mortality were tolerable and recruitment overfishing was of no major concern. This encouraged somewhat laissez-faire management approaches that allowed fishing effort to increase over the years.Our objectives were to determine whether growth overfishing occurred in this fishery during 1960–2006, and whether and how decreases in size of shrimp within the landings, in response to increases in fishing effort, affected inflation-adjusted annual (calendar year) ex-vessel value of the landings, i.e., their value to the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing occurred in the early 1990s, and then abated as fishing effort declined due to rising fuel costs and competition from imported shrimp. However, inflation-adjusted annual ex-vessel value of the landings peaked in 1985, prior to growth overfishing.Management actions implemented in 2001 for Texas’ territorial waters, and in the EEZ off Texas and Louisiana in 2006, should limit future fleet expansion and increases in fishing effort, thereby reducing the chances of growth overfishing and its potentially detrimental economic impacts on the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing should be included among the guidelines for future management of this brown shrimp fishery.     

Management challenges of small-scale fishing communities in a protected reef system of Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico

Abstract  Socioeconomic characterisation of fishing activities in the Veracruz Reef System National Park was used to develop a management system which balances the community's livelihood, and the conservation needs of the protected area. A survey was applied to four sectors of the fishing community: the fishers, fishers' wives, retailers and local population. The survey determined their perceptions about: (1) fishing as a lifestyle; (2) economic alternatives; (3) perspectives about the future; (4) environment; and (5) knowledge of the National Park as a protected area. Fishers devoted an average of 27 years fishing, investing an average of 12 h per day giving a regular income of 15–20 US$. Most interviewed (60%) were full-time fishers, with fishing the only family income source. Fishers are predominately educated to primary school level (64%).The main problem faced by fishers and the communities were economic opportunities but 89% believed that mariculture could be an alternative income source. There was strong ecological awareness, with 75% aware of the decline in fisheries resource and 62% knowing about the role of protected areas. There was divided opinion about future perspectives. Inefficient organisation and communication between authorities and fishers were identified as obstacles to co-management. Discussion on alternative incomes and a proposal involve fishers in co-management initiatives are presented.     

中日水产品流通体系的比较与启示

日本是世界上最大的水产品消费国和进口国,其水产品流通体系具有很强的代表性、借鉴性,文章通过分析日本水产品流通渠道的形式和特征,结合中国现阶段水产品流通结构的比较,提出中国构建有效水产品流通渠道的建议。     

关于我国渔（农）业劳动力转移的文献综述

渔业劳动力作为农业劳动力的重要组成部分,其转移的研究必然要以农业劳动力转移的研究为基础。文章回顾了我国渔业、农业剩余劳动力转移的研究,包括农业剩余劳动力的数量、劳动力转移的影响因素、解决劳动力转移的对策以及转移所带来的影响等。在此基础上归纳出两种类型的劳动力转移的特点;指出了现有研究存在的问题和今后进一步研究的方向。     

农业专业镇中小微企业服务平台发展战略初探——以广东省为例

农业专业镇是广东省农村经济发展的重要推动力。如今农业专业镇的发展面临着结构调整、产业升级和增长方式转变的巨大挑战,服务平台发展的战略选择对农业专业镇发展至关重要。专业镇的中小微企业服务平台建设发展呈现出以创新为核心、产学研紧密结合的趋势：加快中小微企业服务平台发展,在战略上必须以政府为主导,市场化配合运作,将载体建设与功能培育协同运作,将产学研合作与联盟服务协同运作,将品牌建设与重点扶持紧密结合,形成协同运作体系网。     

基于网络教学平台的中药资源化学教学改革

在南京中医药大学网络教学平台的基础上,对中药资源化学教育教学活动及教学改革实践进行了研究,旨在进一步提高该课程的教学水平和教学质量。结果表明:在有63名学生的班级中,积极参与阅读文献、学习化学画图软件、自主学习统计分析方法及参加野外标本采集的学生在学习中具有较大优势。网络教学平台有利于开展网上互动式教学活动,既能使学生在完成学习任务的过程中提高学习能力,也有助于教师及时了解学生的学习状态,促进教学水平的提高。     

基于学习通平台的高职专业课程数字化教学资源设计与应用——以“农产品质量安全检测”课程数字化资源构建为例

随着计算机技术与网络技术的不断发展,利用网络平台进行优质数字化资源建设与整合,并加以应用,已成为高职院校教学模式改革的主要手段。综述目前高职专业课数字化教学资源建设情况,并结合超星学习通平台的特点,以“农产品质量安全检测”课程为例阐述高职院校专业课程优质数字化资源建设的设计思路、制作方法及应用方式,对于丰富教学手段、提高学生的学习兴趣和教学质量具有重要作用。