动物油脂热压联合提取装置设计与试验

提高病死畜禽胴体中的油脂提取率是实现病死畜禽进一步资源化的关键,为此该研究设计了一种动物油脂热压联合提取装置。首先基于静力学和热传递分析,结合动物油料特性,对关键部件压力机构和油脂提取机构进行了设计,并对加热、加压和可编程控制系统分别进行了关键参数设计和设备选型,最后选取板油进行了装置性能试验,并对提取的油脂进行了黏度测试。结果表明：在70～150℃范围内,单独温度和热压联合两种油脂提取方法的最佳温度均为130℃,在此温度下油脂提取率最高分别可达到59.15%和81.35%。相同温度下,热压联合油脂提取率较单独温度作用最高可提升31.21个百分点。减小油料规格对单独温度作用可明显提高油脂提取率,而对热压联合油脂提取率无明显影响。在高于130℃试验温度下进行热压联合油脂提取,能够达到油脂完全提取效果,所提取油脂在70～150℃温度范围内测得黏度为0.004～0.091 Pa·s,符合工业用润滑油黏度标准。     

双动刀沙棘枝条切割参数分析与试验

针对国内缺少沙棘专用机械收获装备、探明沙棘枝条最优切割参数组合,该研究设计了双动刀沙棘枝条切割试验台并开展沙棘枝条切割试验,确定了切割装置关键结构参数,基于LabVIEW开发了沙棘枝条切割特性测控系统和数据采集软件。通过单因素试验探究平均切割速度、刀具滑切角、刀刃高度和动刀组数对单位直径峰值力及单位面积切割功耗的影响;采用Box-Behnken多因素试验设计方法,以平均切割速度、枝条喂入速度和刀具滑切角为试验因素,以单位直径峰值力和单位面积切割功耗为评价指标建立回归模型。试验结果表明,评价指标随着平均切割速度、刀具滑切角和刀刃高度的增大而减小,在双动刀时比单动刀时数值更小。通过响应曲面法优化回归模型,确定最优切割参数组合为平均切割速度0.45 m/s、枝条喂入速度0.64 m/s、刀具滑切角9.4°,该组合下单位直径峰值力为53.33 N/mm,单位面积切割功耗为69.87 N/mm²,模型误差小于5%,切割参数优化结果准确。研究结果可为后续沙棘枝条收获装备的研发提供数据支撑。     

Effect of supplying P to a portion of the soybean root system on root growth and P uptake kinetics 1

Abstract

Knowledge of the effect of supplying P to portions of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) root system on P influx kinetics and root growth is important in developing P fertilizer placement practices for efficient fertilizer use. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of restricting P supply to portions of the root system on plant P status, root growth, and P influx kinetics. Two solution experiments were conducted in a controlled climate chamber. Phosphorus influx kinetics were determined on 25‐day‐old soybean plants that had been grown with 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5% of their roots initially exposed to P. Phosphorus influx kinetics were also measured on 25‐day‐old plants that had been P‐starved for the last 1, 2, 4, and 6 days prior to the determining P influx kinetics in order to relate plant P status to P influx kinetics.

Reducing the portion of the roots supplied with P reduced P uptake. This resulted in a reduction in plant P concentration and was related to a 3.41‐fold increase in maximum P influx measured on 25‐day‐old plants. Restricting the proportion of roots supplied with P had no significant effects on the Michaelis‐Menten constant or on the concentration in solution where net influx was zero. Root growth rate of the roots in the P containing solution was not significantly different from those in the ‐P solution.

Phosphorus uptake was correlated with final root surface area exposed to P (r² = 0.88??). Starving the plants for P reduced P concentration in the shoot and root and this resulted in as much as a 1.68‐fold increase in maximum influx.     

Development of soil organic matter stocks under different farm types and tillage systems in the Organic Arable Farming Experiment Gladbacherhof

In 1998, the Organic Arable Farming Experiment Gladbacherhof (OAFEG) was started in order to explore the impact of different organic arable production systems (mixed farming, stockless farming with rotational ley, stockless cash crop farming) and of different tillage intensities (conventional plough as a full inversion tillage, two-layer plough, inversion tillage at reduced depth, non-inversion tillage) on sustainability parameters. In this article, we present results on the development of soil organic matter (SOM) levels. Starting with organic mixed farming with approximately 0.7 livestock units (LU) per ha cattle before set-up of the experiment, only the mixed farming system in the experiment was able to maintain SOM levels. The stockless system with ley maintained soil organic carbon (SOC), but lost soil total nitrogen (STN), and the stockless cash crop system had a significant SOM loss in the magnitude of 7.7 t SOM ha^?1, or roughly 8.4% of the initial SOM mass. Reducing tillage intensity had no impact on SOM masses, but only on organic matter stratification in soils. We conclude that specialization of organic farms towards stockless arable crop production requires special attention on SOM reproduction to avoid detrimental effects. Further, reduced tillage intensity does not necessarily have a positive effect on SOM.     

Shoot control of nodulation is modified by the root in the supernodulating soybean mutant En6500 and its wild-type parent cultivar Enrei

Abstract

Based on grafting studies, both supernodulating (Carroll et al. 1985a, b) and hypernodulating (Gremaud and Harper 1989) soybean ([itGlycine max} L. Merr.) phenotypes were reported to be under the control of shoot factors (Delves et al. 1986, 1987; Cho and Harper 1991). Recently Akao and Kouchi (1992) have isolated a new supernodulating mutant (En6500) from ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treated Enrei, a cultivar which is widely grown in the central districts of Japan. This mutant has been shown to produce several fold as many nodules as its wild-type parent cultivar when grown at a low concentration (0.5 mol m^-3) of nitrate. Moreover, it exhibited a continuous increase in the nodule number with the increasing nitrate concentration, even at 15 mol m^-3 (Francisco et al. 1992), in contrast to the similar mutant nts382 in which the nodulation decreased even at the relatively low nitrate level of 5.5 mol m^-3 (Carroll et al. 1985a). In this study we conducted grafting experiments to determine which plant part controls the supernodulation of En6500.     

Compared Phosphorus Efficiency in Soybean,Sunflower and Maize

ABSTRACT

A more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of phosphorus (P) efficiency is agronomically significant to advance in the design of crop management schemes that increase P efficiency and reduce the need of fertilizers. Phosphorus efficiency is defined as the ability of a plant to acquire P from the soil and/or to utilize it in the production of biomass or the harvestable organ. Because most parameters related to P efficiency vary according to the growth conditions and isolation of the individual effect of P efficiency is not straightforward; plants must be grown in uniform experimental conditions to obtain a fair comparison of their nutrient acquisition and utilization. In this work, we compare the ability of soybean, sunflower, and maize to utilize and acquire soil P. Field and greenhouse experiments including different P levels were conducted. The general observation was that the three species ranked differently according to the specific parameter of P efficiency considered. Maize clearly showed higher P utilization efficiency than soybean and sunflower, either expressed as biomass or as grain produced per unit of absorbed P. In turn, soybean and sunflower exhibited higher acquisition efficiency than maize. Soybean showed the shallowest root system: 69% of the total root length was concentrated in the top 20 cm of the soil. Phosphorus uptake per unit root length was rather similar among the three species, but soybean and sunflower had higher P uptake per unit of root weight. This can be explained by the higher specific root length (SRL) and specific root area (SRA) of both dicots. For example, SRL averaged 59, 94, and 34 m g^?1 in field grown soybean, sunflower, and maize, respectively. The more favorable root morphology determined that soybean and sunflower can explore more soil with the same belowground biomass and absorb more P per unit of carbon invested belowground. Since the three species exhibited similar values of P uptake per unit root length, we hypothesize that the capacity of each segment of root to deplete soil P fractions is similar.     

Investigations on Cambodian soils

Basic information on the nature of soils, their potentialities, and their limitations is necessary to evaluate Cambodian agriculture properly, and to develop a program for increasing food and other crops. Suitable information has, however, been limited, especially as there is not to be found in any report much data relating to soils of different origins over the whole country. There is, needless to say, some information on confined areas of Cambodia.     

东北粳稻产量对孕穗期不同时段低温的反应

揭示东北粳稻孕穗期不同时段低温对产量的影响,建立气温和积温对粳稻产量影响模式和指标。利用高山自然温度梯度,在长白山北坡开展水稻盆栽低温处理试验。试验设7个海拔高度（低温强度）处理,3个低温持续时间（2、3、5天）处理,并设3个低温影响时段（孕穗前期、中期和后期）,1个适温对照;用试验数据建立回归方程。结果表明,粳稻孕穗关键期低温对产量的影响十分显著,影响模式符合对数或线性函数,温度越低,低温持续时间越长,导致温度影响系数越大,相对单产越低;产量与低温时段日平均气温的关系比日均最低气温更密切。孕穗期不同时段低温对水稻单产的影响有差异,穗分化前期2天短期低温对产量的影响略大于中期和后期,前期和中期（花粉母细胞减数分裂期前后）持续3天低温的影响更显著一些,但3个时段持续5天左右低温的影响都特别显著,都导致严重减产。总体而言,粳稻孕穗关键期连续2、3、5天的平均气温每降低1℃,水稻减产率分别上升2.0、3.2、4.5个百分点;穗分化前期、中期和后期出现低温过程,期间冷积温每增加10℃∙d,水稻减产率依次上升9.1、8.3、7.7个百分点;孕穗关键期冷积温在6、12、18℃∙d以上,分别导致水稻发生轻度、中度和重度低温冷害。     

文冠果FAD2的序列与功能分析

脂肪酸脱饱和酶2(fatty acid desaturase 2, FAD2)基因是油脂合成代谢的关键酶基因,其编码的蛋白催化油酸(18∶1)进一步脱饱和形成亚油酸(18∶2)。本研究以富含油酸和亚油酸2种优质不饱和脂肪酸的文冠果种胚为试材,采用简并引物策略结合RACE技术,克隆了文冠果FAD2的cDNA序列。序列分析表明,文冠果FAD2除具有植物FAD2特有的3个组氨酸区和N端的芳香族氨基酸区外,还具有3个N—糖基化位点和多个磷酸化位点。通过农杆菌介导,将文冠果FAD2转入拟南芥fad2突变体中进行表达分析。气相结果表明,拟南芥fad2突变体缺失亚油酸,而转入文冠果FAD2的拟南芥fad2突变体的种子油中产生了亚油酸,这表明所克隆的文冠果FAD2基因编码的酶具有催化油酸(18∶1)脱饱和成为亚油酸(18∶2)的活性。