Can soil moisture deficit be used to forecast when soils are at high risk of damage owing to grazing animals?

A potentially significant cause of damage to grassland soils is compaction of unsaturated soil and poaching of saturated or nearly saturated soil by animal hooves. Damage is caused when an applied stress is in excess of the bearing strength of the soil and results in a loss of soil structure, macroporosity and air or water conductivity. Severely damaged soils can cause reduced grassland productivity and make grazing management very difficult for the farmer. The actual amount of soil damage that can occur during grazing is dependent on the grass cover which acts as a protecting layer, the soil water content and the characteristics of the grazing animal (weight and hoof size). Assuming that the farmer is knowledgeable about the characteristics of the grazing animal and grass cover, it would be very useful for short‐term operational farm planning to be able to predict when soil water contents were likely to be in a critical range with respect to potential hoof damage. In this study soil moisture deficits (SMDs) which can be derived from meteorological forecasts are evaluated for predicting when soil water conditions are likely to lead to hoof damage. Two contrasting Irish grassland soils were analysed using a Hounsfield servo‐mechanical vertical testing machine to simulate static (285.4 N) and dynamic (571 N) hoof loads on the soil over a range of estimated SMDs (0, 5, 10 and 20 mm). The deficits were analysed with respect to the soil volumetric water content, compression (displacement) and change in dry bulk density. The SMDs imposed in the laboratory were similar to those under field conditions and thus the methods used in this study are applicable elsewhere. The change in dry bulk density following loading (0.2–0.7 g/cm³) was linearly related to SMD (R² ranged from 0.90 to 0.99), leading to the conclusion that a forecast of SMD can be used to predict when grassland soils are likely to be at risk of damage from grazing.     

西兰花品种比较试验

本试验引进了沪绿68、沪绿88和沪绿118共3个西兰花新品种,与当地主栽品种——耐寒优秀进行比较试验,试图筛选出适应当地种植的西兰花新品种。试验结果表明,沪绿68花球紧实度不高且蕾粒容易掉;沪绿118植株侧枝很多且花球有空心;沪绿88品种长势好、商品性好,适宜在如东地区种植。     

不同药剂防治水稻高龄稻纵卷叶螟试验初报

667m2用15.00%安打SC16mL和3.00%阿维菌素EC100mL处理,对水稻高龄纵卷叶螟杀虫效果最好,其防效在97.00%以上。     

多菌灵降解菌的鉴定及降解条件初步优化

对已分离到的多菌灵降解菌进行16S r DNA序列分析后,采用均匀设计法,优化多菌灵降解菌降解条件。用4因素6水平混合均匀设计表,综合考察培养时间、接种量、p H、温度对多菌灵降解菌降解能力的影响。通过二次多项式逐步回归得出最终降解条件为:培养时间6 d、接种量10%、p H 4.0、温度为45℃时,最优目标函数Y(降解率)为68.65%。进一步进行盆栽试验,检测该菌在实际应用中的降解效率为59.54%。     

Organic input quality is more important than its quantity: C turnover coefficients in different cropping systems

Annual C input to soil is a major factor affecting soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. However different types of C-sources can have different behaviour, in relation to their chemical characteristics and how they interact with soil. Root-derived C, in particular, should be more efficient than other organic materials as a result of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the surrounding environment, leading to a reduction in the C decomposition rate.To test this hypothesis, we considered a long-term experiment underway in Northern Italy since 1962, comparing permanent meadow and 6 different crop rotations over a wide range of nutrient inputs, in both organic and inorganic forms. C inputs from amendments were measured and those from crops were calculated using allometric functions and crop and residues yields. The time evolution of SOC was studied through a single-pool, first-order kinetic model, allowing the estimation of humification coefficients for residues, roots, farmyard manure and cattle slurries.The highest value of the humification coefficient was estimated for farmyard manure, which confirmed its high efficiency in stabilising SOC content. Root C presented a humification coefficient 1.9 times higher than above-ground plant materials while slurries were intermediate, with a humification coefficient roughly half that of farmyard manure and even lower that of roots.The quality of C input thus seems of fundamental importance for evaluating the sustainability of different cropping systems in terms of SOC dynamics.     

防风草在梅州地区的适应性栽培试验初报

防风草具有很好的医药治疗效果,全草含生物碱、黄酮甙、酚类等物质,具祛风除湿解毒之功效,主治感冒发热,腹痛呕吐,筋骨疼痛等。作为制药原材料发展种植前景广阔,而在梅州地区尚无防风草的栽培、开发与利用的相关报道。本试验以多种栽培模式进行适应性栽培,旨在研究梅州地区防风草的适应性情况,为梅州发展多种经济、充分利用丰富的山地资源、增加农民收入提供技术参考。     

体育院校大学生参加开放性实验的现状、问题与对策分析 ——以广州体育学院为例

目的：分析探讨开放性实验的现状及存在的问题，旨在提高体育院校开放性实验教学质量，培养综合素质高与专业能力强的有用人才。方法：运用资料分析法对广州体育学院十年来积累的开放性实验教学资料进行研究。结果：（1）开放性实验形成了比较有效的教学模式；（2）历年参加开放性实验的学生人数占当年在校生人数比例非常高；（3）开放性实验科目内容丰富，以验证性实验为主，兼顾综合性和设计性实验；（4）开放性实验教学效果比较满意，教学质量较高。（5）改进开放性实验教学方式、构建独立的实验教学体系等措施可以有效解决体育类大学生参加开放性实验存在的一些问题。结论：体育类大学生参加开放性实验能够有效地巩固所学理论知识，促进专业水平的发展，培养独立分析问题及解决问题的能力。     

不同绿茶品种区域试验研究

本文对16个无性系绿茶品种的成活率、新梢物候期、发芽密度、鲜叶产量、制茶品质、抗性等性状进行分析,为国家级良种鉴定提供科学依据.结果表明,苏茶早、元宵绿、中茶108、武义早等4个品种为特早生种；中茶108、81-8-30、中茶302等3个品种的产量极显著高于CK种,武义早的产量显著高于CK种；桂香18、六杯香、鸠20、中茶302、春波绿、81-8-30、南江1号等7个品种的品质优于CK；中茶108、81-8-30等2个品种的耐寒性表现为强,浙农139、中茶302、桂香18等3个品种的耐旱性表现为强.     

当前远程实验教学的现状及对策

远程实验教学在远程教育中起着重要作用,是远程教育深入发展和构建学习型社会的需要,是实施素质教育、培养创新意识和实践能力的重要环节。但由于多种原因,远程实验教学在远程教育中还是一个薄弱环节,存在许多问题。要想促进远程教育的深入发展,提高远程实验教学的质量,就必需解决远程实验教学现状。     

国家重点实验室专项经费绩效预算管理方式应用于其他财政专项管理的思考

绩效预算是我国部门预算管理改革的重要内容。国家重点实验室专项经费绩效预算安排机制，是财政科研经费绩效预算的典型示例。文章通过剖析国家重点实验室专项经费绩效考评管理机制，对国家重点实验室绩效预算机制推广应用于其他财政专项的范围、考评指标、考评工作方法、考评结果应用等方面提出了意见建议。