光钝感福红系列新品种的良种繁育技术

福建农林大学育成了福红航1号、福红航992、福红航952等系列光钝感红麻新品种,具有产量高、生育期长及综合性状优良等特性。本研究分析了光钝感福红系列新品种在莆田和诏安的留种特性及产量表现,总结了其主要留种技术要点。     

红麻 SRAP -PCR 反应体系优化及多态性引物的筛选

采用正交试验L16（43）设计,以dNTP、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶3种因素4个水平,并设置了8个模板DNA浓度梯度。扩增效果表明,红麻的SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系为2μL 10＆#215;Taq Reaction Buffer、20 ng模板DNA、 dNTP 220μmol/L、引物0.35μmol/L、 Taq DNA聚合酶0.5 U,总体积为20μL。同时对256对SRAP引物进行扩增,筛选出条带清晰、多态性较好的引物100对。该反应体系及100对多态性引物组合应用于今后红麻的遗传多样性、品种鉴定、亲缘关系、遗传图谱构建、 QTL定位等研究。     

施肥水平和方式对红麻生长和产量的影响

采用2个红麻品种,即福红992与红优2号;设3种施肥水平,即低肥(FL:N 0.10g/kg,P2O50.05g/kg和K2O 0.10g/kg)、中肥(FM:N 0.15g/kg,P2O50.75g/kg和K2O 0.15g/kg)和高肥(FH:N 0.20g/kg,P2O50.10g/kg和K2O 0.20g/kg),以及3种施肥方式,即全部氮和钾肥作基肥(T1),60%氮和钾肥作基肥和40%氮和钾肥作追肥(T2)以及全部氮和钾肥作追肥(T3),通过盆栽试验探讨施肥水平和方式对不同红麻品种干皮产量与农艺性状的影响。与FL相比,FM处理显著增加红麻干皮产量,红优2号和福红992分别增加16.31%~32.33%和6.51%~17.72%,且FM处理均显著提高茎粗、地上部干质量、皮骨比和根干质量。与T3相比,T1和T2处理显著增加干皮产量,红优2号分别增加21.30%~34.16%和12.65%~29.36%,福红992分别增加19.09%~40.92%和7.45%~32.50%,且T1和T2处理株高、茎粗和地上部干质量均提高,T2处理皮厚和主根长提高,而T1处理根冠比和皮骨比均降低,但是T1和T2处理上述各指标之间的差异不显著。对于红优2号和福红992,中肥水平下T1和T2方式均有利于红麻生长和干皮产量的增加。     

Prezygotic interspecific hybridization barriers between kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and four wild relatives

Use of interspecific hybridization in genetic improvement of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), a multipurpose crop, is limited by low cross‐compatibility. Previous hybridization studies suggest that part of incompatibility barrier is prezygotic. Pollen germination, stigma receptivity and growth of alien pollen on kenaf pistil were studied using wild relatives of kenaf. Four wild and semi‐domesticated species, H. surattensis, H. acetosella, H. radiatus and H. vitifolius, were used as pollen donors in the present experiment. H. radiatus exhibited highest pollen germination (65.89%) on H. cannabinus stigma. For closely related species (H. surattensis, H. acetosella, H. radiatus), stylar incompatibility was noticed, while for distantly related species H. vitifolius, the incompatibility was stigmatic. Number of pollen tubes entering ovule of H. cannabinus pistil was higher for H. radiatus (1.30). Alien pollen growth and penetration of pollen tube through ovule were higher in species sharing same genome of H. cannabinus. High callose deposition was observed in incompatible crosses, suggesting a general mechanism for prezygotic incompatibility in Hibiscus section Furcaria. Callose deposition in incompatible crosses increased with time.     

红麻韧皮部束纤维抗拉强度测定的样品准备方法研究

通过5种处理方法分离红麻韧皮部束纤维层，测定各层束纤维的直径d及其所能承受的最大拉力Fmax，计算束纤维的极限抗拉强度σ。结果表明，采用亚氯酸钠-冰醋酸和草酸铵方法，不仅能够有效地分离红麻韧皮部束纤维层，而且对束纤维的强度影响较小，可以作为红麻韧皮部束纤维抗拉强度测定的样品准备方法，对准确测定和研究红麻束纤维抗拉强度及其分布具有重要意义。     

论红麻的播种期

不同播种期对红麻生长发育及产量影响很大,特别对于淮河流域夏麻产区更为突出。随着播期推迟,减产幅度愈来愈大。尽管夏播生长发育比春播的快,但最终因生长天数缩短,个体生长发育不足,纤维积累量减少,而影响产量。所以力争早播是夏麻增产的关键。     

优质、高产红麻新品种福红991的选育

福红991是1985年以“7380”与莱阳红麻杂交，应用配合力育种理论和混合系谱法与穿梭育种法相结合的聚合育种新技术。于1997年育成的红麻优良新品种。1999—2000年，福红991参加国家红麻新品种联合区域试验，纤维产量比对照红引135增产11．59％，差异达极显著水平。经测试福红991纤维强力比对照红引135提高12．8％，表现出丰产性好、纤维品质优良、适应性广、抗红麻炭疽病等特点。具有较好的推广应用前景。     

基于BP-ANN的红麻生物酶脱胶预测模型的构建

由于红麻脱胶环境是一个典型的非线性、强耦合、时变的复杂被控对象，难以实现产业化所要求的实时跟踪控制，其模型难以通过机理建模的方式用简单数学公式或传递函数来描述。将人工神经网络理论应用到红麻韧皮纤维生物酶脱胶过程当中，分析了温度、时间、pH值、浴比和酶浓度等五项主要脱胶工艺参数对脱胶效果的影响水平，经过MATLAB仿真程序的设计和实验，确定了最佳的BP神经网络拓扑结构，建立了红麻韧皮纤维脱胶的神经网络预测模型。     

Evaluation of useful plants for the treatment of polluted pond water with low N and P concentrations

Eutrophication of ponds for agricultural use has begun to adversely affect rice production and the residential living environment in Japan. Cultivation of useful terrestrial and aquatic plant species in plant-bed filter ditches enables to treat domestic wastewater in addition to resource recycling and amenity functions. We evaluated the ability of several plant species, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), hanana (Brassica campestris L. var.), African marigold (Tages erecta L.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.), and reed (Phragmites communis Trin.), to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from polluted pond water whose N and P concentrations were much lower than those in domestic wastewater. Artificial pond water containing 2.5 mg L^-1 of N and 0.5 mg L^-1 of P was supplied to ditches at a loading rate of 1.1 g m^-2 d^-1 for N and 0.21 g m^-2 d^-1 for P. Italian ryegrass, papyrus, or kenaf in ditches removed N and P more effectively than other plants. The average removal rate of Italian ryegrass in ditches was 0.62 g m^-2 d^-1 for N and 0.10 g m^-2 d^-1 for P, that of papyrus 0.81 g m^-2 d^-1 for N and 0.15 g m^-2 d^-1 for P, and that of kenaf 0.73 g m^-2 d^-1 for N and 0.11 g m^-2 d^-1 for P. The influence of N and P concentrations on the removal rates of Italian ryegrass, papyrus, and kenaf was studied. Concentrations at a removal rate of zero were 0.2–0.3 mg L^-1 for N and 0.01–0.03 mg L^-l for P. At low concentrations, the plant removal rates increased sharply with the rise in the concentration. When N concentrations exceeded 0.3–0.6 mg L^-1 and P concentrations 0.10–0.45 mg L^-1, the removal rates were high and less affected by the concentration. It was considered that these plant species could be used most efficiently at the concentrations where removal rates are less restricted.     

种植密度对红麻纤维产量及农艺性状的影响

本文研究了种植密度对红麻纤维产量及农艺性状的影响。结果表明,随着种植密度增加,主要农艺性状值降低,个体发育受到影响;密度过大或过小都会导致红麻纤维产量降低,种植密度以18万株h/m2为宜。