广东菜心、芥蓝研究现状与展望

菜心和芥蓝是广东省重要的叶菜类蔬菜,具有种植面积大、复种指数高和市场需求量大的特点,其营养价值高,风味独特,已经成为人们日常饮食中必不可少的蔬菜种类。广东省是菜心和芥蓝秋冬季节的主产区。随着我国北方夏季种植区域的扩大,消费者对叶菜类蔬菜商品性和品质的需求提高,对现有品种的产量、适应性、抗性和风味物质含量等提出了新的要求。通过对种质资源的收集、保存和挖掘,广东省内各科研单位对菜心和芥蓝进行了大量的育种和分子生物学研究工作,促进了品种从常规种到杂交种的更替,也为未来分子育种打下了基础。而广东省菜心和芥蓝在实际生产中依然面临一些问题,需要从品种本身特性和挖掘优异种质资源上进行突破,利用现代生物技术与常规杂交育种技术相结合,提升品种在抗性、品质和适应性等方面的不足。综述了广东省菜心和芥蓝的研究历史、种质资源收集情况、分子生物学研究和产业发展现状,以期为广东省叶菜类蔬菜产业发展提供参考。     

不同铵硝配比对芥蓝伤流液组分及植株氮磷钾积累的影响

采用伤流液组分分析和植物营养分析的方法,探讨了不同铵硝配比（CK,0∶100;T1,10∶90;T2,25∶75;T3,50∶50）影响芥蓝生长的生理机制。结果表明：与全硝态氮营养液对照相比,3 个营养液增铵处理均提高了芥蓝植株的生物量和伤流强度,其中营养液增铵25%（T2）处理的效果最好。T1 处理芥蓝植株伤流液中蛋白态氮和P 的流量与CK 相比显著增加;T2 处理芥蓝植株伤流液中NO₃^--N、P、K 流量均为最高;T3 处理芥蓝植株伤流液中NH₄⁺-N、氨基酸态氮和蛋
白态氮流量最高,而NO₃^--N 和K 流量则显著低于CK。T1 处理和T2 处理显著提高了芥蓝植株N、P、K 的含量和积累量;T3 处理亦显著提高了芥蓝植株N、P 的含量和积累量,但显著降低了K 的含量和积累量。综合来看,营养液适量增铵（25%）处理的效果最好,可以提高芥蓝根系吸收能力,促进氮代谢,增加植株对N、P、K 的吸收和积累,从而促进植株生长。     

Diploids and natural autotetraploids in the predominantly vegetatively propagated Brassica oleracea L. var. ramosa DC and their cytology

Summary Perennial kale is a rare vegetable and forage crop in the Dutch province of Limburg where it is disappearing. It may be a relic of a primitive kale form which could have been grown on a large scale in West-Europe. The crop is predominantly vegetatively propagated.Cytological investigations indicated that a number of accessions are autotetraploid with 2n=4x=36. The origin and age of these autotetraploid accessions are not known, but they may stem from adventitious buds on wounded tissue during the vegetative propagation.     

芥兰老化种子活力指标相关性分析

研究了芥兰种子经人工老化后各活力指标的相关性.结果表明,芥兰种子经人工老化后,各活力指标均有显著变化;种子发芽率,活力指数,POD活性与田间出苗率呈显著正相关,而种子浸出液的电导率则与田间出苗率呈显著负相关.经人工老化的芥兰种子发芽率与田间出苗率的相关程度最高,老化法发芽率可直接预测芥兰种子田间出苗率.     

芥蓝种子加速老化研究

芥蓝种子在45℃和100％的相对湿度下进行人工加速老化,老化时间为0d,ld,2d,3d,4d,5d,6d,7d。结果表明,随着老化处理时间的增加,种子发芽率、活力指数、田间出苗率和过氧化物酶活性均呈明显下降趋势,而种子浸出液的电导率则逐渐增加。田间出苗率与发芽率、活力指数、过氧化物酶活性呈显著正相关,与种子浸出液的电导率则呈显著负相关。经加速老化芥蓝种子发芽率与田间出苗率的相关程度最高,提供了老化法通过发芽率预测芥蓝种子活力的应用前景。     

施用生物有机肥对芥蓝及土壤重金属含量影响的研究

采用土壤培养试验及盆栽试验方法,对施用生物有机肥对土壤及芥蓝体内重金属含量的影响进行了分析测试。结果表明:与不施肥处理比较,施用生物有机肥使惠州菜园土的Hg、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr含量和南海菜园土的As、Zn含量有所提高,但提高的幅度较小。对照土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618—1995),除了广东南海菜园土由于其本底含Cd量较高而使其含Cd量只能达到三级水平之外,其他指标都达到一级或二级的水平,表明施用生物有机肥对土壤重金属含量的影响不大。与不施肥处理比较,施用生物有机肥处理除对在广东惠州菜园土上生长的芥蓝的Cr、Cd含量有少量提高外,对其Pb、N i、Zn、Cu含量以及在广东南海菜园土上生长的芥蓝的Cr、Cd、Pb、N i、Zn、Cu含量均有减低作用;并且,对照无公害蔬菜质量指标(广东省地方标准),所有的生物有机肥处理均符合无公害蔬菜的标准。     

Genetic relationships of Portuguese coles and other close relatedBrassica genotypes using nuclear RFLPs

Nuclear RFLPs were used to study the genetic relationships of 2 Portuguese coles, tronchuda cabbage and Galega kale, and 13 otherBrassica oleracea cultivars and 4 nine-chromosome wild brassicas. Cluster and principal coordinates analysis were conducted using RFLP data from 60 probe-enzyme combinations, detecting 277 polymorphic restriction fragments. The results showed that the accessions clustered in five groups: one with all theB. oleracea cultivars except kailan, and the four others isolated with kailan, wildB. oleracea, B. insularis andB. cretica, andB. montana, respectively. Kailan was separated from the other accessions ofB. oleracea cultivars and genetically close to the wildB. oleracea, that was clearly separated from the other nine-chromosome wild brassicas. In theB. oleracea cultivars 3 groupings were clearly individualized: i) including broccolis and cauliflower; ii) with a misture of kales and cabbages originally from Central-North Europe; iii) formed by Portuguese coles. These preliminary results suggest the existence of three major regions of domestication of B. oleracea in Europe: Italy, Central-North Europe and Portugal. Kailan or chinese kale seems to have evolved separately from the otherB. oleracea cultivars in Eastern Asia.     

Are the duplicates of perennial kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. ramosa DC.) true duplicates as determined by RAPD analysis?

A collection of vegetatively propagated perennial kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. ramosa DC., 64 accessions in total), predominantly from the Netherlands, was subjected to RAPD analysis in order to confirm or reject the presence of possible duplicates as indicated by isozyme and cytological data, as well as by morphological data described here. By employing 9 decamer primers, seven RAPD patterns could be attributed to almost all of the respective accessions, with up to 22 clones exhibiting identical features for the parameters examined. By these results, a high percentage of duplication is very strongly indicated in the collection, offering possibilities for a reduction in the number of clones to be propagated. The highest level of genetic variation was found in two kales from Portugal, which differed significantly from the other accessions.     

Using kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) as a phytoremediation plant species for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) removal in saline soils

Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala) is usually planted from early autumn until late winter. Since most of the plants used for phytoremediation cannot be grown during this time, kale can be a suitable option for phytoremediation and utilized during autumn and winter in urban landscape, especially in metropolitan areas where high levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) pollutions exist. Kale growth in saline soil at different growth stages (germination and vegetative growth stages) was studied in this investigation. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications was used in this study. Treatments included three levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0, 30, and 60 mg/kg), four levels of Cd (0, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg), and four levels of Pb (0, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg). Results indicated that increase in Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil decreased fresh and dry weights of the plants. The results of the various growth stages revealed that under salinity stress, kale plants were able to absorb more Pb than Cd and effectively remediate Pb in polluted and saline lands. Cd accumulation in control treatment was 6.2% more than that in the saline treatments, whereas, Pb accumulation in the highest NaCl level, 60 mg/kg salinity treatment was 7.64% more than that of the control condition. Also, proline content of the plants was significantly increased under Cd and Pb stress. From the results of this study, it was concluded that using kale plant is recommended for phytoremediation of saline soils with 10 and 16 mg/kg Pb and Cd contents, respectively.