海蓬子在海水灌溉农业上的应用

介绍了海水灌溉农业的概念和意义。阐述了盐生植物海蓬子的利用价值及其在海水灌溉农业上的应用。     

有限灌溉对新垦沙地春玉米生理性状及产量要素的影响

在临泽绿洲耕作层保水能力较差的新垦沙地进行了春玉米有限灌溉试验研究,结果表明,灌水最少的WT1处理在耗水量最少的情况下产量不会降低,反而比灌水多的WT2,WT3,WT4,WT5和CK产量要高,增幅分别为23.6%,15.6%,44.0%,16.5%和8.7%;在苗期和拔节期,处理WT1,WT2,WT3与WT4,WT5和CK之间叶面积指数存在显著性差异,尤其是WT1与CK之间显著性差异最大,WT1比CK叶面积分别降低21.4%,12.4%;在苗期、抽雄期、吐丝期、灌浆期,WT1比CK株高分别降低11.9%,15.2%,6.1%,7.8%;所有处理及CK在灌浆期间灌浆强度基本不存在显著性差异;处理WT1,WT2,WT3与WT4,WT5及CK之间千粒质量存在显著差异,尤以WT1与WT4间差异最显著,WT1比WT4增加26.9%。     

推迟灌拔节水条件下种植模式对冬小麦抗倒伏特性和产量的影响

华北平原冬小麦在粮食生产中占据重要地位,受到灌溉用水短缺影响以及生育后期易倒伏减产的制约,冬小麦供需矛盾日益突出。该研究探究了推迟灌拔节水条件下不同种植模式对冬小麦抗倒伏特性的影响,设置宽幅精播（W）与常规种植（C）2种种植模式,每种种植模式设置灌拔节水60 mm（I1）和推迟10 d灌拔节水60 mm（I2）2种灌溉处理,研究冬小麦关键生育期茎秆物理指标,倒数第2节间茎杆力学、抗倒伏指数、蠕变变形量、产量及其组成等指标,探究冬小麦抗倒伏特性综合调优的种植模式和灌溉制度。结果表明,宽幅精播模式下推迟灌拔节水对抽穗期倒数第2节间茎杆抗折力有显著提升的趋势,显著提高了抗弯刚度,显著降低了蜡熟期倒数第2节间茎杆抗折力和抗弯刚度,以及植株蜡熟期鲜质量;宽幅精播模式下推迟灌拔节水显著提高了抽穗期抗倒伏指数,并提升了灌浆期抗倒伏指数,该处理在抽穗期、灌浆期和蜡熟期的抗倒伏指数平均值分别为2.03、1.58和1.87 N/(m·g)。冬小麦倒数第2节间茎杆在施加小于其极限抗折力的不同比例荷载时具有蠕变特性,宽幅精播模式下推迟灌拔节水茎杆蠕变极值平均值在抽穗期最大,灌浆期表现仍然较好,均由减速蠕变过渡到稳定蠕变阶段,蠕变极值范围介于0.6%～3.7%,蠕变极值平均值介于0.7%～2.5%。综合考虑抗倒伏指数和蠕变试验结果,冬小麦在宽幅精播模式下结合推迟10 d灌拔节水处理的抗倒伏特性最优。研究结果可为华北平原冬小麦节水高产提供理论依据和技术支持。     

卷盘式喷灌机选型辅助决策系统的开发

卷盘式喷灌机选型辅助决策系统的研制开发 ,为卷盘式喷灌机田间工程规划中的正确配套选型提供了快捷、准确、高效的方法 ,并能指导卷盘式喷灌机制造者的优化设计 ,以发挥卷盘式喷灌机的最佳工作效益。     

泾惠渠灌区畦长对夏玉米耗水特性和产量影响

泾惠渠灌区中畦田规格参差不齐,灌区由于畦田过长而造成的灌溉水量浪费屡见不鲜,不仅没有形成高产而且极大的造成了水资源的浪费。通过大田与小区试验相结合,以当地农民习惯的灌溉方式为对照,设置3个灌溉畦长处理(80、120、240 m),每个处理设置3次重复,改水为80%。研究了灌溉畦长对夏玉米在生育期内的耗水特性和产量的影响,土壤水分分布与产量及其构成因素的关系等问题,选择出兼顾节水高产可行的最优畦长。研究结果表明:在生育期灌水后,80和120 m处理畦长内畦首、畦中和畦尾的土壤相对含水率较为均匀无显著差异,240 m处理畦长畦首、畦中和畦尾的土壤相对含水率产生显著性差异;80和120 m处理夏玉米在畦首、畦中和畦尾灌水均匀度较为平均且无显著差异,240 m畦长处理差异较为显著,且80 m畦长处理产量分布最为平均、平均水分利用效率最高产量为1.021 839万kg/hm2,水分利用效率为25.12 kg/(hm2·mm)。综合夏玉米产量及其分布、水分利用效率等因素,在泾惠渠灌区80 m的灌溉畦长是兼顾节水高产的最适宜畦长,该结论以期为泾惠渠灌区大田作物高产节水提供一定理论依据。     

科尔沁牛春季的牧食行为

2002年春季在内蒙古科左后旗的天然草场上,采用跟群放牧全日观察法,定量研究了自然放牧状态下成年科尔沁牛牧食行为。结果表明,科尔沁牛的平均采食时间为511.36±222.07min,反刍时间为66.38±14.60min,卧息时间为46.50±42.97min,站立时间为10.75±7.98min,游走时间为58.10±20.13min。平均采食速度为62.00±13.04口/分,平均采食量为10.38千克/头·天。对苔草草甸进行的受控放牧试验表明,主要牧草的选择性采食顺序为香茅>蒲公英>马蔺>芦苇>苔草。     

不同施P水平下AM真菌对黄芪生长和生理学特性的影响

通过土培试验研究了施P量与AM真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对黄芪生长和生理学特性的影响。结果表明,不同施P水平对AM真菌的接种效果有显著影响,接种AM真菌能够提高黄芪根系菌根侵染率,但高P量抑制了AM真菌对黄芪的侵染。不同施P水平下接种AM真菌能有效提高黄芪产量、植株可溶性糖和矿质元素含量,但对植株可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响。并且在施P量为56~112 mg P/kg土水平下AM真菌效果较好。     

生活污水灌溉对茄子生长效应的影响

对生活污水经过处理后以黄河水作对照进行茄子灌溉试验,试验结果表明,生活污水灌溉可改善土壤结构,提高土壤肥力,使茄子总根数增加12 %,根长增长13 %,增产60 %,增加收入5.85万元/hm2,商品性也明显提高。     

Improving winter wheat grain yield and water-/nitrogen-use efficiency by optimizing the micro-sprinkling irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate

Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha~(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha~(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.     

微纳米加气灌溉对温室番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

为了探究微纳米加气灌溉对番茄的影响,采用温室小区试验,选择不同的水分控制下限条件,研究了其对番茄生长发育、产量、品质的影响。结果表明,微纳米加气灌溉模式下番茄株高、茎粗、单株叶面积增长速度较常规灌溉得到显著提高,表现为苗期、开花期、坐果期番茄生长优势明显,生长后期增长速度近似相同。基于番茄产量和灌溉水利用效率2个指标条件,微纳米加气灌溉较常规灌溉增长效果更好。微纳米加气灌溉改变番茄产量分布特征,促进番茄提早成熟从而获得更大的经济效益。微纳米加气灌溉对番茄VC量、可溶性固形物和蛋白质均有不同程度提高,有机酸呈降低趋势,对糖酸比的影响不大。综合认为,微纳米加气灌溉应用在温室番茄种植是可行的。