Carbon stocks and sequestration potentials of agricultural soils in the federal state of Baden‐Württemberg,SW Germany

Soil organic carbon (SOC) inventories are important tools for studying the effects of land‐use and climate change and evaluating climate‐change policies. A detailed inventory of SOC in the agricultural soils of the federal state of Baden‐Württemberg was therefore prepared based on the highest‐resolution geo‐referenced soil, land‐use, and climate data (BÜK200 inventory). In order to estimate the quality of different approaches, C inventories of the region were also prepared based on data from the National Inventory Report (UBA, 2003) and by applying the IPCC (1997) method to the two data sets. Finally, the BÜK200 inventory was used to estimate potentials of no‐tillage agriculture (NT) and peatland restoration to contribute to C sequestration and greenhouse‐gas (GHG)‐emission mitigation since both measures are discussed in this context. Scenario assumptions were change to NT on 40% of the cropland and restoration of 50% of cultivated peatlands within 20 years. On average, grasslands contained 9.5 kg C m^–2 to 0.3 m depth as compared to only 6.0 kg C m^–2 under cropland, indicating strong land‐use effects. The SOC content depended strongly on waterlogging and elevation, thus reflecting reduced C mineralization under aquic moisture regimes and low temperatures. Comparison of the BÜK200 inventory with the approach used for UBA (2003) showed high inconsistencies due to map resolution and SOC contents, whereas the IPCC method led to fairly good agreements. Results on the simulated effects of NT and peatland restoration suggested that 5%–14% of total agricultural GHG emissions could be abated with NT whereas peat restoration appeared to have a minor mitigation potential (0.2%–2.7%) because the total area of cultivated organic soils was too small to have larger impact.     

长三角地区典型季节规模化奶牛场氨排放特征研究

为掌握长三角地区规模化奶牛场氨排放特征,通过在线高分辨率监测系统对典型规模化奶牛场的棚舍养殖、粪便堆肥和污水贮存环节进行连续监测,获取不同环节、不同季节的氨排放信息,并计算得到本地化氨排放系数及排放强度。结果表明：规模化奶牛场棚舍养殖、粪便堆肥和污水贮存3个环节的年均氨排放浓度分别为（2.53±0.88）、（2.68±1.72）mg·m^-3和（2.44±1.73）mg·m^-3,氨浓度季节变化趋势总体表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,夏季为冬季的2.3~4.2倍。不同环节氨排放小时变化存在明显差异,主要受日气象因子变化、畜禽活动和清粪管理等因素影响。温度是影响奶牛养殖氨排放水平的主要气象因素,与棚舍养殖、粪便堆肥和污水贮存3个环节的氨浓度水平均呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别达到0.914、0.817和0.942,而风速和大气压强则与各环节氨排放浓度呈负相关关系。基于在线监测获得了奶牛养殖氨排放本地化系数,棚舍养殖、粪便堆肥和污水贮存3个环节的年均氨排放系数分别为（13.14±5.17）、（7.71±5.17）kg·头^-1·a^-1和（9.72±4.47）kg·头^-1·a^-1,全年合计氨排放系数为30.57 kg·头^-1·a^-1。采用本地实测氨排放系数,建立了长三角地区规模化牛场氨排放清单,2018年长三角地区规模化牛场氨排放总量为3.39万t,氨排放主要集中在安徽省中北部和江苏省北部等集约化畜禽养殖规模较大的地区,夏季氨排放总量和强度最高,达到了1.36万t和151 t·d^-1,是冬季的3倍多。     

浙江省森林资源连续清查系统抽样防偏试验初报

数据的准确性和可靠性是清查成果能否客观、真实地反映森林资源状况的关键要素。森林资源连续清查数据的准确性和可靠性受到抽样方案设计、调查技术方法和实施操作过程等诸多因素的影响。其中，抽样方案设计是影响森林资源调查数据质量的关键因素。为了优化森林资源连续清查体系，防止系统抽样周期性变动和人为特殊对待等问题对清查成果质量的影响，从1994年开始，浙江省采用固定样地加部分替换样地（临时样地）的抽样设计方案进行防偏技术试验和研究。采用总体平均数的差异性检验和方差分析等方法，对浙江省自1989年以来的3期调查数据进行分组统计分析，3期调查数据的3组样本两两之间均通过了总体平均数差异显著性检验和单因素方差分析，无显著差异。初步试验结果表明，浙江省森林资源连续清查总体样本具有较好的代表性，不存在明显的系统偏差。     

三类调查中手持GPS面积精度试验研究

采用后处理差分的方法,研究了手持GPS在三类调查中的面积精度。试验结果表明:在面积大于627.7m2以上时,利用后处理差分方法获得的数据面积精度可以达到95%,能够满足三类调查对面积精度的需要。     

SPOT5卫星遥感信息在森林资源调查中的应用现状与解决思路

介绍利用SPOT5卫星遥感在云南省森林资源调查中的应用情况,总结所取得的成果经验。分析存在的包括对遥感的内涵认识不足、特殊地类不易分辨、树种组成难判读、蓄积量不能直接判读、龄组和郁闭度判读因子粗放等问题,提出了解决问题的思路和建议。     

Long-term growth analyses of Japanese cedar trees in a plantation: neighborhood competition and persistence of initial growth deviations

The individual growth of tree diameter at breast height (dbh) is analyzed in an even-aged plantation of Cryptomeria japonica from stand age of 45 to 94 years, to examine how the growth of individual trees has been affected by the changes in spacing resulting from thinning operations. At any age, a significant proportion (0.37–0.46) of the variation in dbh growth during a 5–11-year period was explained by dbh at the beginning of the period, probably due to greater leaf mass of larger trees. Next, either one-sided or two-sided competition was added to the model, by calculating the basal area (BA) of neighboring trees around each tree within a given radius or BA for trees having larger dbh than the focal tree within the radius. After preliminary analyses, a radius of 8 m was selected as the critical range for tree competition. Although both types of competition explained a significant proportion (0.09–0.43) of growth variation, one-sided competition was not significant at ages greater than 54 years. Based on the model at 45 years of age, the initial deviation of growth rate for each tree from the predicted rate was calculated and added to the models as a third variable. This raised the coefficient of determination up to 0.50–0.74. These findings have practical significance for forest plantation management, particularly for controlling the growth of standing trees via thinning, to produce high-quality timber in the future.     

Research on Lead-time Compression of Inventory Integrating Remanufacturing and Manufacturing System for the IOT Environment

The lead time compression is the core of supply chain management with time competition and the powerful source of competitive advantage of supply chain.As an emerging technology,The Internet of things ...     

基于连续清查固定样地生物量的立地质量评价

以浙江省内陆立地区——非岩成土地区山地丘陵的立地为研究对象,用998个森林资源连续清查固定样地作为建模样本,以单位面积生物量年生产量为因变量,采用以生物量为指标的直接评价法,通过逐步回归分析筛选出立地质量主导因子,根据数量化理论I模型,构建立地质量数量化评价模型,评价研究区内各立地类型的立地质量等级,估算区域内各等级林地面积。结果表明：海拔、坡位、坡向、土层厚度、腐殖质层厚度5个因子可作为立地质量评价的主导因子;以生物量作为立地质量评价指标,具有较好的生物学意义;构建的立地质量评价模型,能有效评定研究区的立地质量等级,在林业生产应用中具有现实意义。     

对我国LULUCF碳计量监测方法的探讨

围绕我国林业编制温室气体清单这一重要工作,介绍了IPCC关于LULUCF温室气体清单编制系列技术指南的技术要点和要求,阐明了我国林业温室气体清单编制工作的进展,提出了林业开展LULUCF碳监测工作未来面临的需求。同时,在分析美国、欧盟、加拿大等发达国家LULUCF温室气体清单编制做法和经验的基础上,提出了在森林资源清查样地系统上构建、新布设LULUCF大样地系统等2种开展LULUCF碳监测的思路,目的是为推动我国林业LULUCF碳监测达到国际先进水平提供建议。     

秸秆露天焚烧排放的TSP等污染物清单

根据2000—2003年各省市农作物的产量,估算了农业秸秆的总量;结合从有关文献查阅的排放因子,计算了各年份我国大陆秸秆露天焚烧所排放的TSP、PM10、SO2、NOX、NH3、CH4、EC、OC、VOC、CO、CO2的总量及各省市的排放清单,并进一步细化到县、区级行政区。研究表明,由于经济发展水平和生活习惯的不同,秸秆露天焚烧排放的污染物在地区间的分布极不均衡,排放量较大的包括华东、东北地区的各省市;单位排放污染物量较高的地区由东北至华东呈带状分布。