SPOT5遥感影像在林业二类调查中的应用

采用ERDAS IMAGINE图像处理软件,对青海省互助县境内的北山林场的SPOT5遥感影像进行处理,包括原始数据导入、正射纠正、影像融合、波段组合、影像增强等处理过程以及数字正射影像图(DOM)的制作。探讨SPOT5遥感影像在林业二类调查中的应用处理方法及SPOT5影像的应用前景。经现地验证,以SPOT5遥感卫星影像为底图,通过人机交互目视解译方法区划判读小班能满足林业二类调查的需要,该影像数据能作为1∶10000专题图制作的基础数据。     

福建万木林自然保护区观赏树木资源研究

福建万木林自然保护区观赏树木资源调查结果表明，已开发应用的观赏树木有５２科１０９种．对尚未开发应用的观赏价值较高的１９科２７种树木，从生物学、生态学及观赏树木学等方面进行系统的研究．     

浙江省森林资源连续清查系统抽样防偏试验初报

数据的准确性和可靠性是清查成果能否客观、真实地反映森林资源状况的关键要素。森林资源连续清查数据的准确性和可靠性受到抽样方案设计、调查技术方法和实施操作过程等诸多因素的影响。其中，抽样方案设计是影响森林资源调查数据质量的关键因素。为了优化森林资源连续清查体系，防止系统抽样周期性变动和人为特殊对待等问题对清查成果质量的影响，从1994年开始，浙江省采用固定样地加部分替换样地（临时样地）的抽样设计方案进行防偏技术试验和研究。采用总体平均数的差异性检验和方差分析等方法，对浙江省自1989年以来的3期调查数据进行分组统计分析，3期调查数据的3组样本两两之间均通过了总体平均数差异显著性检验和单因素方差分析，无显著差异。初步试验结果表明，浙江省森林资源连续清查总体样本具有较好的代表性，不存在明显的系统偏差。     

PDA在林业一类清查中的应用

根据PDA在辽宁省第八次森林资源连续清查中的应用实践,详细介绍其样地定位与测设、样地引线及周界测量记表、样地每木检尺记录等模块的功能。应用结果表明：PSP535FC-1型PDA具有采集数据准确、工作效率高等优点,但也存在屏幕避光性较差、电池续航能力不足的问题。根据应用实践,提出PDA的设计开发建议。     

Potential of a national monitoring program for forests to assess change in high-latitude ecosystems

Broad-scale monitoring in Alaska has become of increasing interest due to uncertainty about the potential impacts of changing climate on high-latitude ecosystems. The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program is a national monitoring program for all public and private forestlands in the US, but the program is not currently implemented in the boreal region of Alaska. We provide an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of the FIA system for monitoring the potential impact of climate change on Alaska’s species, communities, and ecosystems. The primary strength of the system is a scientifically rigorous design-based statistical estimation method that produces estimates of forest attributes with known sampling error and quantifiable measurement error. The weaknesses of the system include low power for small area estimates, lack of spatial context and contiguity, and difficulty in inferring causality of factors when changes in monitored attributes are detected.Climate change is expected to impact many components of boreal ecosystems, but for most indicators the direction and magnitude of change are difficult to predict because of complex interactions among system components. Status and trend information provided by FIA monitoring that could be helpful to conservation decisions includes abundance and rarity of vascular plants, invasive species, biomass and carbon content of vegetation, shifting vegetation species distribution, disturbance frequency, type, and impact, and wildlife habitat characteristics. Because of unique factors such as the low level of infrastructure, modifications to the FIA monitoring system used in the conterminous US have been proposed for Alaska. Remote sensing data would play a greater role in meeting monitoring objectives, and sampling intensity of field plots would be reduced. Coordination with other national, regional, and local monitoring efforts provides potential for increased understanding of change in boreal ecosystems at multiple scales.     

PDA掌上电脑在广西森林资源一类调查中的应用

总结赛博星PDA掌上电脑在广西区第八次森林资源连续清查数据采集中的应用方法与优缺点.其数据采集功能模块包括样地调查总体信息、样地定位与测设、样地每木检尺记录、样地位置示意图及内业数据处理等.应用PDA进行数据采集具有提升数据采集精度和效率、提高调查质量和调查员责任心、方便质量检查和监督等优点,但也存在着CPU处理速度有限,屏幕避光性不好,电池供应能力弱,成本较高等问题.藉此,提出了相关建议.     

用^137Cs法探讨苏南坡地的土壤侵蚀

与黄土和红壤地区相比 ,学术界对苏南丘陵区土壤侵蚀的关注要少得多 ,也许是这里的土壤侵蚀的绝对数量不大 ,然而 ,苏南地区的土壤侵蚀引起的生态影响却不容忽视 ,如因土壤侵蚀造成的养分流失对水体的影响及土层减薄都远超过黄土区。为了探讨苏南土壤侵蚀的生态影响 ,首先是要了解土壤侵蚀的状况 ,在这方面 13 7Cs示踪法是一种非常有用的工具 ,可是要使用此法 ,必须要解决两个问题 ,一是确定研究区的背景值 ,二是建立估算土壤侵蚀的模型。经过较长时间的研究 ,确定苏南地区的 13 7Cs背景值为 2 2 0 0 Bq/m2 ;并根据基本物理含义 ,建立了耕地与非耕地的土壤侵蚀模型 ,用这 2个模型并借用其他学者提供的土壤沉积模型 ,对宜兴竹园及茶园两个坡地的土壤侵蚀与沉积作了估算。在此基础上 ,又尝试着简单探讨了土壤侵蚀引起的土层及养分流失的生态影响     

Carbon stocks and sequestration potentials of agricultural soils in the federal state of Baden‐Württemberg,SW Germany

Soil organic carbon (SOC) inventories are important tools for studying the effects of land‐use and climate change and evaluating climate‐change policies. A detailed inventory of SOC in the agricultural soils of the federal state of Baden‐Württemberg was therefore prepared based on the highest‐resolution geo‐referenced soil, land‐use, and climate data (BÜK200 inventory). In order to estimate the quality of different approaches, C inventories of the region were also prepared based on data from the National Inventory Report (UBA, 2003) and by applying the IPCC (1997) method to the two data sets. Finally, the BÜK200 inventory was used to estimate potentials of no‐tillage agriculture (NT) and peatland restoration to contribute to C sequestration and greenhouse‐gas (GHG)‐emission mitigation since both measures are discussed in this context. Scenario assumptions were change to NT on 40% of the cropland and restoration of 50% of cultivated peatlands within 20 years. On average, grasslands contained 9.5 kg C m^–2 to 0.3 m depth as compared to only 6.0 kg C m^–2 under cropland, indicating strong land‐use effects. The SOC content depended strongly on waterlogging and elevation, thus reflecting reduced C mineralization under aquic moisture regimes and low temperatures. Comparison of the BÜK200 inventory with the approach used for UBA (2003) showed high inconsistencies due to map resolution and SOC contents, whereas the IPCC method led to fairly good agreements. Results on the simulated effects of NT and peatland restoration suggested that 5%–14% of total agricultural GHG emissions could be abated with NT whereas peat restoration appeared to have a minor mitigation potential (0.2%–2.7%) because the total area of cultivated organic soils was too small to have larger impact.     

Comparing the potential effectiveness of conservation planning approaches in central North Carolina, USA

We compared four approaches to conservation site selection to protect forest biodiversity in the Triangle Region of North Carolina, USA. Using biological inventory data and an inventory-based conservation plan as benchmarks, we evaluated the potential effectiveness of a focal species plan and three “simple” plans (large forested patches, close to wetlands and riparian areas, diverse forest types). Effectiveness was measured in three ways: the number of inventory elements captured at least once by the plan (representation), the total number of inventory elements captured (completeness), and the proportion of land in the inventory-based plan included (overlap). We further examined the potential effectiveness of the simple plans by calculating their overlap with land identified by the focal species approach. The simple and focal species plans did not differ markedly in terms of representation, but diverged when completeness and overlap were considered. Although representation rates for all four plans were relatively high, lower rates for completeness and overlap raise concerns about long-term viability. The simple plans did not identify the same lands as the focal species plan, and are thus unlikely to provide appropriate habitat for the focal species. Each approach we tested failed to capture some subset of species and communities, highlighting the importance of explicit conservation targets and consideration of ecological processes. Forced to act quickly and with little data, our findings suggest using initially a set of complementary simple plans, each focused on a different habitat type. This should be considered a stopgap measure, however, while more sophisticated plans are constructed, defining explicit conservation targets and considering ecological processes.     

Drought damage in the park forests of the city of Helsinki

During spring and summer 2003 severe drought-caused damage was observed in the park forests of the city of Helsinki; especially in barren site pine and spruce stands. The objectives of this study were to map and document the extent of the damage through the use of existing geographical information, digital aerial photography and field surveys and to examine the feasibility of assessing drought damage by visual interpretation of digital aerial photography. Our aim was also to assess the reasons for drought damage in Helsinki city park forests using geographic information system (GIS) analyses of existing interpretative and geographical data, i.e. digital aerial photographs, rainfall statistics and the compartmentwise GIS database of the park forest site and soil types.The total amount of area falling into serious damage classes represented approximately 25 ha (the total forested area in Helsinki is about 3700 ha). A majority of these areas were located on rocky sites having low stem volumes. The total proportion of damaged stock volume was estimated as 17 300 m³, which is 3.3% of the total stock volume in the study area. An accuracy assessment showed that visual interpretation of digital aerial photos is an excellent tool for assessing drought damage. The mean estimation error was 0.7 classes, and errors comprising 2 classes were found in all test grids. The overall correct percentage of photointerpretation was 46%, and estimation was unbiased (kappa 0.264). The forest site and soil type together with the tree species on site showed the greatest correlation with drought damage. The drier and more barren the site, the more likely that damage will occur. Roadside forests were in better condition than areas located further off the roads. Hills clearly impacted the condition of the trees through soil type and flow.