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151.
肉鸡对三碱基氯化铜、铜氨基酸螯合物、铜蛋白盐生物利用率研究 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
采用玉米—豆粕型饲粮研究肉公雏对三碱基氯化铜(TBCC)、铜氨基酸螯合物(CuAA)、铜蛋白盐(CuPro)或硫酸铜(CuSO4)的生物利用率。在基础饲粮(Cu14mg/kg,DM基础 ,实测值)上 ,TBCC、CuAA、CuPro、CuSO4 的铜添加水平依次为150mg/kg、300mg/kg、450mg/kg,试验3周。结果表明 ,铜源和铜水平对试鸡体重和饲料转化率的影响不显著。以CuSO4 为参比标准 ,铜添加水平或日粮铜摄入量为自变量 ,经对数转换后肝铜积累为因变量建立多元线性回归模型 ,按斜率法综合求测铜源生物利用率为 :CuSO4 100 % ;TBCC112.4 % ;CuAA127.7 %(P<0.01) ;CuPro99.3 %。结果表明TBCC或CuPro生物利用率与CuSO4同效 ,但CuAA生物利用率比CuSO4 高。该试验提供了评定肉鸡有机铜源生物利用率的实用方法。 相似文献
152.
常用杀虫剂对新入侵害虫螺旋粉虱的田间药效试验 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
螺旋粉虱是新入侵中国海南的危性害虫,为迅速压低虫口密度,进而将其逐步扑灭,开展了螺旋粉虱的药剂防治研究;选用2.5%敌杀死乳油、20%吡虫啉可溶性液剂、480g/L乐斯本乳油、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、2.5%功夫水乳剂、20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂等常用杀虫剂,进行了田间药效试验;结果表明:药后1~10d,2.5%敌杀死乳油的防效在94.09%~100%之间,2.5%功夫水乳剂的防效在91.72%~100%之间,20%吡虫啉可溶性液剂的防效在32.24%~70.96%之间,1.8%阿维菌素乳油的防效在-11.54%~21.54%之间;因此,2.5%敌杀死乳油和2.5%功夫水乳剂是防治时可供选用的良好药剂,20%吡虫啉可溶性液剂和1.8%阿维菌素乳油对螺旋粉虱的速效性和持效性均较差,不适用于螺旋粉虱的防治。 相似文献
153.
Enhanced anther culture efficiency of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) through modification of the culture media 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The production of microspore-derived green plants from anther culture of indica rice is generally very low compared with japonica cultivars. A modified anther culture medium, consisting of a higher KNO3 content (31 mm ) and casein hydrolysate (CH, 500 mg/1) but without ammonium salts, was tested in comparison with a medium consisting of the widely-used N6 medium nitrogen background, using four indica × indica F1 hybrids as test materials. Green plant regeneration frequency was at least three-fold higher in the microspore-calli derived from the former medium than in those derived from the modified N6 medium. More than 700 microspore-derived plants were raised in the field. Another study was carried out using indica × japonica and indica × javanica F1 hybrids. The results indicated that a medium with higher (3.5 mm ) ammonium sulphate may induce a higher frequency of anthers with microspore-calli but not necessarily lead to a larger number of green-plant regenerating calli. Subsequently, using the indica cv. ‘IR-43’ as the test material, use of a lower level (1.75 mm ) of (NH4)2SO4, in addition to KNO3 (31 mm ), was found to be better than CH (500 mg/l) for anther-response as well as green plant regenerability of the derived microspore-calli. Nitrate-nitrogen or ammonium-nitrogen alone elicited poor response. Twenty-five media involving combinations of KNO3 (20–34 mm ) and (NH4)2SO4 (1–3 mm ) were tested for their effects on anther response. Combinations involving KNO3 (31–34 mM) and (NH4)2SO4 (2.0–2.5 mm ) were found superior not only for achieving greater anther response but also, for subsequent green-plant regeneration. This contrasts with the 28 mm of KNO3 and 3.5 mm of (NH4)2SO4 in the widely-used N6 medium developed for japonica rice. Other than potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, and potassium phosphate to some extent, the levels of other inorganic salts tested did not make any significant difference to the process of anther response. Based on these results, modified media with three levels of ammonium sulphate were tested for anther culture efficiency of indica × japonica and indica × javanica derivatives (F3s). Microspore-calli derived from a medium of a lower (1.75 mm ) level of (NH4)2SO4 showed a higher regeneration potential overall than those derived from a higher (3.5 mm ) level. A revised medium has been suggested, on the basis of these results, for the realization of improved anther culture efficiency and, consequently, improved feasibility of using doubled haploids in genetic and breeding research with indica rice. 相似文献
154.
Summary The invasive potential of a species can be assessed by propagule pressure, which measures the chances for propagules of a
species to find a suitable habitat for establishment and reproduction. Seeds, fruits, and vegetative structures that contribute
to the propagule pressure are morphologically, physiologically and genetically different from one another, thus each kind
should have a specific way of contributing to a successful invasion. In this paper we review plant traits that contribute
to the propagule pressure. Seed production provides an estimate of the potential multiplication rate of the weed. However,
it is gap-sensing mechanisms of seeds based on dormancy termination and germination requirements, which significantly contribute
to the naturalization and invasion processes assuring a successful seedling establishment in environments of high competition.
Dispersal of propagules reduces competition, mating with a sibling, and subsequent inbreeding depression, and increases colonization
opportunities and range of expansion. Some of those benefits can be achieved in a population by existence of dormancy mechanisms
and thus, the existence of a seed bank. Finally, vegetative propagation may ensure expansion of local populations when seedling
establishment is low. Broadening the scope of traits that are considered in the breeding programs aimed at commercial production
of plant propagules, to include those related to propagule pressure, is essential for adequate evaluation of invasive potential. 相似文献
155.
Jeffrey A. McNeely 《Euphytica》2006,148(1-2):5-15
Summary While the issue of invasive alien species has important biological components, economic factors such as global trade deserve
much greater attention for several reasons. First, virtually all of our planet’s ecosystems have a strong and increasing anthropogenic
component that is being fed by increasing globalisation of the economy. Second, people are designing the kinds of ecosystems
they find productive or congenial, incorporating species from all parts of the world through quicker and more efficient means
of transportation. And third, growing travel and trade, coupled with weakening customs and quarantine controls, mean that
people are both intentionally and inadvertently introducing alien species that may become invasive. The great increase in
the introduction of alien species that people are importing for economic, aesthetic, accidental, or even psychological reasons
is leading to more species invading native ecosystems, with disastrous results: they become invasive alien species (IAS) that
have significant deleterious effects on both ecosystems and economies. This paper examines some of the important non-biological
dimensions of the IAS problem, including historical, economic, cultural, linguistic, health, sociological, management, legal,
military, ethical, and political dimensions. These are addressed in terms of the causes, consequences, and responses to the
problem of IAS. These dimensions of IAS are fundamental, and successfully addressing the problem will call for greater collaboration
between different economic sectors and among a wide range of disciplines. The Convention on Biological Diversity, the negotiations
of the World Trade Organisation, and many other international agreements offer important opportunities for addressing the
complex global problems of IAS through improved international cooperation. 相似文献
156.
R. H. Groves 《Euphytica》2006,148(1-2):111-120
Summary Sleeper weeds, a relatively new concept, are defined as a sub-group of invasive plant species for which their population sizes
are known to have increased significantly more than 50 years after they became naturalized. The invasions of the European
herb Hieracium pilosella into New Zealand, the northeast Asian Fallopia japonica and the Sicilian Senecio squalidus into Britain are presented as well-documented examples of sleeper weeds. While the concept of sleeper weeds has gained some
acceptance with weed managers, its application remains a retrospective activity at present. Genetic factors, environmental
suitability and anthropogenic disturbance are discussed as they affect sleeper weed status. Accurate botanical records for
invasive species over long periods of time are relatively rare and limit documentation of the phenomenon. Some mathematical
and ecological problems remain with the concept and its wider application to weed invasion, including the adequacy of the
species level for determining sleeper weed status in genetically diverse and widely distributed groups of invasive plants. 相似文献
157.
Summary The genetics of resistance to bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) was studied in an 8×8 complete diallel cross of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. The 28F1 hybrids, their reciprocals, and eight parents were artificially inoculated with BGMV under glasshouse conditions. Data were recorded and analyzed for foliar yellowing, plant dwarfing, flower abortion, and pod formation, using a randomized complete block design with two replications.General combining ability (GCA) mean squares were highly significant (P<0.01) and larger than values for specific combining ability for all traits. Reciprocal and maternal effects were nonsignificant. Cultivars Royal Red and Alubia Cerrillos possessed significant negative and positive GCA for all traits, respectively. Porrillo Sintetico also had negative GCA for all traits except plant dwarfing. None of the GCA effects were significant for Great Northern 31 and PVA 1111. Positive associations existed among all traits studied. 相似文献
158.
太湖地区地表水氮污染源的评论 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
The nitrogen (N) pollution status of the 12 most important rivers in Changshu, Taihu Lake region was investigated. Water samples were collected from depths of 0.5-1.0 m with the aid of the global positioning system (GPS). The seasonal variations in the concentrations of different N components in the rivers were measured. Using tension-free monolith lysimeters and ^15N-labeled fertilizer, field experiments were carried out in this region to determine variations of iSN abundance of NO3^- in the leachate during the rice and wheat growing seasons, respectively. Results showed that the main source of N pollution of surface waters in the Taihu Lake region was not the N fertilizer applied in the farmland but the urban domestic sewage and rural human and animal excreta directly discharged into the water bodies without treatment. Atmospheric dry and wet N deposition was another evident source of N pollutant of the surface waters. In conclusion, it would not be correct to attribute the N applied to farmlands as the source of N pollution of the surface waters in this region. 相似文献
159.
Samuel C. Allen Shibu Jose P. K. R. Nair Barry J. Brecke Vimala D. Nair Donald A. Graetz Craig L. Ramsey 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2005,41(1):28-37
Information on temporal and spatial patterns of N mineralization is critical in designing tree-crop mixed systems that could maximize N uptake while minimizing N loss. We quantified N mineralization rates in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in northwestern Florida with (non-barrier) and without tree-crop belowground interactions (barrier separating the root systems of pecan and cotton). Monthly rates of mineralization were estimated using buried bag incubations over a 15-month period. In addition, seasonal mineralization rates and cotton lint yield on soils supplied with two sources of N—inorganic fertilizer and organic poultry litter—were assessed. Results indicated that temporal variations in net NH4 and NO3 accumulation and mineralization rates were driven primarily by environmental factors and to a lesser degree by initial soil NH4 and NO3 levels. Mineralization varied by belowground interaction treatment during the initial growing season, when the non-barrier treatment exhibited a higher mineralization rate than the barrier treatment, likely due to reduced nutrient uptake by cotton in the non-barrier or a higher degree of immobilization in the barrier treatment. Mineralization during the second growing season was similar for both treatments. Source of N had no effects on N transformation in the soil. Lint yield reductions were observed in the non-barrier treatment during both years compared to the barrier treatment, likely due to interspecific competition for water. Yield differences between treatments in the second growing season were likely compounded by a diminishing pre-study fallow effect. Source of N was found to have a significant effect on cotton yield, with inorganic fertilizer resulting in 39% higher lint compared to poultry litter in the barrier treatment. 相似文献
160.
Lydie-Stella Koutika Sonia Vanderhoeven Lydie Chapuis-Lardy Nicolas Dassonville Pierre Meerts 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(2):331-341
Invasive exotic plants can modify soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and other soil properties. We evaluated changes in particulate
organic matter (POM) and carbon (C) mineralisation in adjacent plots invaded by Solidago gigantea, Prunus serotina, Heracleum mantegazzianum and Fallopia japonica, and non-invaded control plots on different soils in Belgium. Litter decomposition of S. gigantea and P. serotina was compared to that of the native species Epilobium hirsutum, Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica. Disregarding the differences in site characteristics (soil texture, parental material and plant species), we argued that
the invasion by S. gigantea and P. serotina enhance SOM dynamics by increasing C mineralisation in 2 out of 3 sites invaded by S. gigantea and in 1 out of 3 sites invaded by P. serotina; C in coarse POM (cPOM, 4,000–250 μm) and fine POM (fPOM, 250–50 μm) in 1 site invaded by S. gigantea and C content in total POM (tPOM, 4,000–50 μm) and the organo-mineral fraction (OMF, 0–50 μm) in 1 site invaded by P. serotina. H. mantegazzianum and F. japonica slowed down SOM dynamics by reducing C mineralisation in three out of four sites; C and nitrogen (N) of fPOM in the invaded
compared with the non-invaded plots at one site invaded by H. mantegazzianum. However, N content of cPOM (4,000–250 μm) was higher in the invaded sites by F. japonica compared with the non-invaded plots. Our results indicated that the effects of invasion by exotic plant species were not
species-specific but site-specific. 相似文献