利用基因组信息提高畜禽生产性能研究进展

为了满足人们对畜产品需求的快速增长，必须在加快畜禽产业发展的同时把对环境的影响降到最低，提高畜禽遗传特性有望促进这一问题的解决。进入21世纪以来，以基因组选择为核心的分子育种技术迎来了发展机遇，利用该技术可实现早期准确选择，从而大幅度缩短世代间隔，加快群体遗传进展，并显著降低育种成本。虽然在某些畜种中（如奶牛），基因组选择取得了成功，群体也获得较大遗传进展，但仍无法满足快速增长的需求。因此，亟需寻找能够进一步加快遗传进展的方法。研究表明，在SNP标记数据中加入目标性状的已知功能基因信息，可以提高基因组育种值预测的准确性，进而加快遗传进展。而挖掘更多基因组信息的同时，开发更优化的分析方法可以更有助于目标的实现。文章总结了主要畜禽物种的可用基因组数据，包括牛、绵羊、山羊、猪和鸡以及这些数据是如何有助于鉴定影响重要性状的遗传标记和基因，从而进一步提高基因组选择的准确性。     

不同裂解温度的污泥生物质炭理化特性分析

研究裂解温度对污泥生物质炭基础理化性质的影响,为安全、合理、高效处置污泥提供理论依据。将干燥污泥分别在200、300、500、700℃下进行热裂解处理(SBC200、SBC300、SBC500、SBC700),获得污泥生物质炭,测定其基础理化特性。结果表明：不同温度制备的污泥生物质炭表面颗粒结构完好,孔径范围均集中在10~50 μm,其中低温生物质炭SBC200表面较光滑,最可几孔径和中值孔径最大,分别为20.1 μm和14.8 μm,高温生物质炭SBC700表面较粗糙,比表面积最大,为5.98 m²/g。随裂解温度的提高,污泥生物质炭的产率、含水量、电导率、挥发分、阳离子交换量显著下降,全碳、氧、全氮、氢含量、有效磷和铵态氮均逐渐降低,pH和灰分含量显著增加。将污泥制备成生物质炭,是安全处置污泥的有效途径,低温制得的污泥生物质炭具有更大的提高土壤肥力的潜力,而高温制得的生物质炭在改良土壤酸性的应用上具有更大的潜力。     

福建南平市竹产业标准体系实施、评价与改进建议

推动竹产业高质量发展，标准化工作任重道远，推进标准体系有效实施、开展标准体系评价、动态优化标准体系必不可少。本文以南平市竹产业为例，探索竹产业标准体系实施、评价与改进的方法，以期逐步建立福建省竹产业标准体系实施与评价体系。     

The value of incorporating carcass trait phenotypes in terminal sire selection indexes to improve carcass weight and quality of heavy lambs

Genetic selection for carcass traits is paramount to maximize the profitability and long‐term sustainability of any meat‐producing livestock species. The main objectives of this research were to evaluate the efficiency of indicator traits for the genetic improvement of lamb carcass traits and to determine the value of including carcass traits into terminal sire selection indexes for the Canadian sheep industry. The carcass traits included hot carcass weight (HCW), fat depth at the GR site (FATGR) and average carcass conformation score (AVGCONF), and were measured on heavy lambs (slaughter age less than 365 days and HCW greater than 16.3 kg) in commercial abattoirs. Growth traits were found to be moderately efficient indicator traits for the genetic improvement of HCW but selection on ultrasound traits was necessary to substantially improve the carcass quality traits (FATGR and AVGCONF). Economic selection indexes were designed by adding various combinations of carcass traits into the Canadian Sheep Genetic Evaluation System terminal indexes. Records measured on individuals and progeny were assumed to be the sources of information for live animal and carcass traits, respectively. The changes in index accuracy, efficiency and expected correlated response were used to assess the value of their inclusion. HCW was found to have a large economic value, and its inclusion into terminal selection indexes was expected to substantially increase their accuracy (0.08–0.12 points) and efficiency (20%–30%). However, further including FATGR (measured 110 mm from the carcass midline over the 12th rib) and AVGCONF had little impact on the accuracy (≤0.03) and efficiency (1%–7%) of the proposed indexes. Thus, the inclusion of carcass traits into the existing terminal selection indexes could be beneficial for the genetic improvement of HCW, but further research is needed to determine optimal methods of increasing carcass fatness and muscularity.     

不同改良措施对退化高寒草甸土壤种子库的影响

利用萌发法研究了甘南退化高寒草甸不同改良措施(经综合恢复即围封+划破草皮+补播+灭鼠(ESRD)、围封+灭鼠(ED)、围封(E))下土壤种子库的特征。结果表明,在所调查的样地中共统计到35种植物,隶属18科29属。对甘南退化高寒草甸采取综合恢复(ESRD)时,土壤种子库物种数趋于增加,比ED高出16.9%,比E高出63.9%。ESRD措施下土壤种子库密度为2451.5粒/m2,比ED高出354.8粒/m2,比E高出957.1粒/m2;杂类草所占的比例也有所减少,比ED低19.3%,比E低26.2%;物种的丰富度和多样性指数均低于其他两种措施。3组改良措施鼠丘种子库密度依次为ESRD(938.1粒/m2)ED(762.8粒/m2)E(719.1粒/m2);鼠丘上禾本科物种所占比率为综合恢复ESRD(23.26%)ED(12.31%)E(11.92%)。ESRD改良下鼠丘上的物种的丰富度和多样性指数均小于其他组。说明对退化高寒草甸草地及时进行综合恢复和灭鼠以及对鼠丘进行补播是改良天然退化草地的重要手段。     

Using genetic tools to inform conservation of fragmented populations of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) across their range in China

A herd of 15 Chinese elephants attracted international attention during their 2021 northward trek, motivating the government to propose establishment of an Asian elephant national park. However, planning is hampered by a lack of genetic information on the remaining populations in China. We collected DNA from 497 dung samples from all 5 populations encompassing the entire range of elephants in China and used mitochondrial and microsatellite markers to investigate their genetic and demographic structure. We identified 237 unique genotypes (153 females, 84 males), representing 81% of the known population. However, the effective population size was small (28, range 25–32). Historic demographic contraction appeared to account for low haplotype diversity (H_d = 0.235), but moderate nucleotide and nuclear diversity (π = 0.6%, H_e = 0.55) was attributable to post-bottleneck recovery involving recent population expansion plus historical gene exchange with elephants in Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Vietnam. The 5 populations fell into 3 clusters, with Nangunhe elephants differing consistently from the other 4 populations (F_ST = 0.23); elephants from Mengyang, Simao, and Jiangcheng belonged to a single population (henceforth, MSJ), and differed from the Shangyong population (F_ST = 0.11). Interpopulation genetic variation reflected isolation by distance and female-biased dispersal. Chinese elephants should be managed as 2 distinct units: Nangunhe and another combining Shangyong and MSJ; their long-term viability will require restoring gene flow between Shangyong and MSJ, and between elephants in China and neighboring countries. Our results have the potential to inform conservation planning for an iconic megafaunal species.     

干旱区小麦多功能高分子植物生长调节剂增产和品质改善试验研究

以观测记录和拍照方式研究多功能高分子植物生长调节剂对小麦生长和繁殖、品质的影响,分别用土壤含水量为试剂保水指标,小麦生长、结实和产量指标、小麦品质指标以及经济效益指标与对照比较以评定试验效果。结果显示,施用试剂能够提高土壤保水率,有利于小麦的营养和结实生长,使小麦产量提高12.30%。小麦粗蛋白、赖氨酸和湿面筋含量均有显著提升,不利于人体健康的灰分和粗脂肪含量显著降低;经济效益有所提高,仅仅考虑增产就净增产值734.25￣794.85元/hm2。     

Research on Mapping Method of Customer Need Information in Product Family Improvement

Aiming at ensuring that product family improvement is based on customer needs while taking full advantage of enterprise history database, firstly, customer needs in the product family improvement are expressed. Then a method of realizing the mapping of customer needs to functional requirements is presented, which is based on quality function development and association rule mining. Finally, an example illustrates the good application of the method.     

深圳市河道水环境综合治理的典型

通过对深圳市新洲河生态景观改造工程设计，摸索出一条融合现代水利工程、城市规划、风景园林、生态、水污染治理等多学科多专业进行城市河道综合治理工程设计方法，为探索深圳市河道生态改造打开思路。通过对深圳市新洲河两岸景观改造，将新洲河融入城市公共空间，使其成为居民的滨水休闲廊道；在截污的基础上，通过补水、水质净化等一系列措施，使河道水质变清，达到规定的地表水Ⅴ类标准；通过对河道的生态改造，恢复河道生态功能，提高水体自净能力，成为深圳市的生态景观廊道，达到人与自然的和谐相处。     

农机具选型推广的方法和手段

本文阐述了农机推广的操作程序并提出了农机推广过程中有关农机具改进的一些思路。