Forest stand dynamics and sudden oak death: Mortality in mixed-evergreen forests dominated by coast live oak

Sudden oak death (SOD), caused by the recently discovered non-native invasive pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, has already killed tens of thousands of native coast live oak and tanoak trees in California. Little is known of potential short and long term impacts of this novel plant–pathogen interaction on forest structure and composition. Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) form mixed-evergreen forests along the northern California coast. This study measured tree mortality over a gradient of disease in three time periods. Direct measurements of current mortality were taken during 2004, representing a point-in-time estimate of present and ongoing mortality. Past stand conditions, c. 1994, were estimated using a stand reconstruction technique. Future stand conditions, c. 2014, were calculated by assuming that, given a lack of host resistance, live trees showing signs of the disease in 2004 would die. Results indicate that coast live oaks died at a rate of 4.4–5.5% year⁻¹ between 1994 and 2004 in highly impacted sites, compared with a background rate of 0.49% year⁻¹, a ten-fold increase in mortality. From 2004 to 2014, mortality rates in the same sites were 0.8–2.6% year⁻¹. Over the entire period, in highly impacted sites, a 59–70% loss of coast live oak basal area was predicted, and coast live oak decreased from 60% to 40% of total stand basal area, while bay laurel increased from 22% to 37%. Future stand structures will likely have greater proportions of bay laurel relative to coast live oak.     

基于农业循环经济理论的山西省新农村建设研究

循环经济是一种新型经济发展模式,发展循环经济是实现我国经济社会可持续发展战略的重要途径。大力发展农业循环经济,是推进新农村建设的突破口,对于农业生产条件薄弱的山西省具有十分重要的意义。在介绍农业循环经济理论的基础上,分析了农业循环经济与山西省新农村建设的关系,指出了山西省新农村建设中发展农业循环经济的阻碍,进而提出山西省发展农业循环经济的对策。     

淇河生态系统的恢复重建与旅游开发研究

河流生态景观是旅游业发展的重要资源。人类长期的过度开发,导致河流生态系统严重退化。针对淇河生态系统退化现状,提出以科学的人地观来协调生态环境与经济发展间的关系,并以景观生态学为理论基础指导旅游开发、生态系统的恢复重建,从而很好地实现“人河和谐”可持续发展。     

安徽省级自然保护区沱湖湿地的群落生态学研究及其恢复重建策略

湿地是自然界生物多样性最丰富的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境之一。近来,随着社会和经济的发展,对湿地资源的过度开发及不合理利用,造成湿地生态系统结构和功能遭到严重干扰及破坏,极大制约社会经济可持续发展,因此,对湿地保护与恢复显得尤为重要。本研究以安徽省级自然保护区沱湖湿地为研究对象,通过访谈、调查、TWINSPAN分类和DCA排序等方法,对沱湖湿地的环境状况、植物多样性和群落学特征进行分析,结果表明沱湖湿地生态环境退化明显,水生群落组成简单,主要由菹草组成,珍稀濒危植物有野莲、野大豆和野菱3种。DCA二维排序较好地验证了TWINSPAN的分类结果,其纵、横坐标都反应群丛所处生境的梯度变化。结合沱湖水域和水生生态系统的特点,分别从政策法规、技术方案、保护策略、建设模式方面提出生态重建的具体建议。     

四川省白鹿河流域非点源氮磷负荷来源及控制对策

在现场调研基础上,应用国内外通用的输出系数模型,计算了四川省白鹿河流域总氮总磷负荷,并与通用土壤侵蚀方程计算值进行了对比,之后,深入分析了白鹿河流域总氮总磷产生的来源。针对四川省彭州市白鹿镇灾后重建规划,提出了减小白鹿河流域总氮总磷负荷的对策措施。它对于四川省灾后重建,水源地保护、水环境管理有十分重要的意义。     

考虑混沌成分的混凝土坝混合-混沌预测模型

混凝土坝表现出复杂的非线性动力学特性。考虑混沌成分对测值序列整体数值特征的影响,是提高混凝土坝位移监控模型拟合和预测精度的关键问题之一。在对混凝土坝监测资料混沌分析的基础上,基于混凝土坝系统演化过程中的非线性动力学特性,组合应用最大Lyapunov指数、相空间重构等数值分析手段,探讨了考虑混沌成分的混凝土坝混合-混沌预测模型构建原理与算法。该模型重点依据的是最近一次位移突变后的监测资料,考虑的是突变后形成的相对稳定的混凝土坝动力系统特性,实例证明该模型对混凝土坝位移的实时监测和预警都有重要意义。     

基于DEM的海南岛平均气温空间插值研究

选取海南岛18个气象站点1979～2008年30 a的逐月气温资料,结合数字高程数据（DEM）,采用回归反距离权重插值法、回归克里格插值法、回归样条插值法和回归趋势面插值法等多种混合插值方法对研究区平均气温的空间分布进行了插值研究,通过5个检验站点的插值误差来分析4种不同混合插值方法,并对平均气温空间分布栅格图进行了比较分析。结果表明：回归反距离权重插值法误差最小,效果最好。     

Multicentury trends and the sustainability of coral reef fisheries in Hawai‘i and Florida

Global overfishing indicates a need to define fisheries sustainability thresholds and identify social factors promoting successful management, but rates of fishing and factors mediating sustainability over long timescales are largely unknown. Here, we reconstruct fisheries yield for the entire period of human habitation (five to seven centuries) for two coral reef ecosystems with substantially different fisheries histories (Florida Keys and the Hawaiian Islands) and evaluate the management strategies associated with periods of sustainable fishing. This involved a mixed methods approach, in which we estimated yield by fishery sector (commercial, subsistence, recreational and aquaculture) and characterized management strategies associated with periods of sustained high yields. We found differences between the two locations, with Hawai‘i sustaining yields of more than 12 mt km^?2 for four centuries prior to the arrival of Europeans. This period was characterized by adaptive management whose design and enforcement exhibited characteristics of common property resource governance systems, and which effectively protected reef habitat, vulnerable life‐history stages for fish, and species with high susceptibilities to overfishing. Reefs in both Florida and Hawai‘i were exploited intensively after European contact, with sequential export‐driven depletion evident in Florida over the past century. Today, both exhibit strikingly similar modern catch levels, with landings exceeding 10 mt km^?2 and evidence of overfishing. Our results demonstrate that management strategies and social institutions that support strict enforcement by a local rule‐making authority have had substantial impacts on fisheries yields in the past and suggest that long‐term sustainability of fisheries is possible, although rare today.     

Detecting fruits in natural scenes by using spatial-frequency based texture analysis and multiview geometry

This paper describes a computer vision based model for object detection that can serve as a preliminary step in fruit prognosis, which involves the estimation of the number, diameter and yield of apple fruits. In order to overcome the recognition unreliability in uncontrolled environments caused by uneven illumination conditions, partly occluded surfaces, and similar background features, we rely on a combination of the object's colour, texture and 3D shape properties. In our research, we apply colour segmentation to multiple scene snapshots to separate potential regions from the background and verify them first with texture analysis and second by reconstructing them to 3D space. By analysing all three distinct features (colour, texture and 3D shape) of possible areas, we can safely conclude if they represent fruits we are looking for. Once we detect and verify all areas representing fruits, we can measure their size and model estimated fruit yield.     

凤山县江洲乡陇善村灾后重建规划研究

广西壮族自治区凤山县江洲乡陇善村灾后重建规划借鉴传统山居模式经验,以水资源的垂直循环为纽带,因地制宜确定了"林在村上、村在林中、田在村下"的新农村景观格局.在此基础上,结合重建点的山地现状,制定了以多层台地式和绿色网络为骨架的山村布局方案,从而最大限度地减少工程建设土方量,最大可能维系山地地形、地貌及生态过程的连续性与...