两个强优势多倍体籼粳亚种杂交稻生长习性研究

【目的】利用远缘杂交和多倍体双重优势选育超级稻是水稻育种的新战略。在获得一批多倍体籼粳亚种杂交稻株系的基础上，为了更大规模地展示这种杂种优势和更全面地研究多倍体籼粳亚种杂交稻的特点。【方法】以PSR073和PSR120为材料，对其叶龄、分蘖、开花习性及外部形态等进行观察统计，研究其生长习性。【结果】PSR073、PSR120在株高、穗长、粒长、粒宽、千粒重等农艺性状上均表现出明显的多倍体优势，并且具有高达83%以上的结实率；叶龄、分蘖及开花习性等方面表现出与二倍体水稻相似的特点。【结论】这两个多倍体水稻杂种的特点与以前报道的多倍体水稻的情况明显不同，远缘杂交和多倍体化并没有对其生长习性产生不利影响，相反具有强大的杂种优势，这为其应用于生产提供了理论和实践依据。     

亚洲百合组培快繁技术研究

研究了亚洲百合鳞片试管快繁技术。结果表明:亚洲百合诱导分化的适宜培养基为MS+BA1.0～3.0mg/L(单位下同)+NAA0.1～0.2,不定芽增殖最佳培养基为MS+BA2.0+NAA0.1,诱导生根的适宜培养基为MS+NAA0.2;同一鳞片下部的分化能力最强,上部最弱。     

亚洲百合与东方百合远缘杂交亲和性

为得到花色丰富、带有芳香气味、抗性强的OA或AO(O为东方百合杂种系,A为亚洲百合杂种系)型优势杂种,采用常规杂交和切割柱头的方法进行杂交,结果 AO型的22个组合,仅有亚洲百合‘Pollyanna’×东方百合‘Sambuca’这一组合得到了4个膨大的蒴果和40粒有胚种子,结实率为0.27%;85个LA(LA为Longiflorum hybrids×Asiatic hybrids的杂交后代)×O型组合均未得到完全膨大的果实和有胚种子;而21个OA型组合,有7个组合得到了膨大的蒴果及有胚种子。采用切割柱头的方法也未提高结实率,说明其没能有效克服其远缘杂交的障碍。通过花粉管荧光显微观察发现,亚洲百合和东方百合花粉几乎均能在母本的柱头上萌发,并沿着花柱道伸长生长,最终达到子房进入胚珠,说明AO型或OA型远缘杂交的受精障碍主要为受精后障碍。     

杂交鹅掌楸胚性细胞悬浮系的建立

通过对影响悬浮培养的一些物理因素如摇床转速、细胞起始密度等的研究,建立了良好的杂交鹅掌楸胚性细胞悬浮系.研究表明,当摇床转速为100 r/min,细胞起始密度为1×103～3×103个/mL时,可建立一个均匀性、分散性较好和细胞增值较快的杂交鹅掌楸胚性细胞悬浮系.悬浮细胞系的继代周期以2～4周为宜.培养效果最好的悬浮物是直径介于150～280 μm的细胞团,其干重占总悬浮物干重的65%.     

双抗虫基因三倍体毛白杨对舞毒蛾幼虫的抗性研究

用室内群体饲养舞毒蛾幼虫的方法,对15个双抗基因三倍体毛白杨株系进行饲虫试验。结果表明:校正死亡率划分了高抗、中抗、低抗虫植株,舞毒蛾校正死亡率在95以上为高抗株系;40～75为中抗株系,30以下为低抗株系。舞毒蛾的发育历期、蜕皮指数和毒效反映的规律相一致。     

Correlation of molecular markers and biological properties in Verticillium dahliae and the possible origins of some isolates

Haploid and amphihaploid Verticillium dahliae isolates were studied using PCR-based molecular markers which: (i) discriminate the defoliating and nondefoliating pathotypes (two primer pairs INTD2f/r and INTND2f/r), and (ii) are species-specific (primer pair 19/22). The results were compared with some known biological and other molecular properties of the isolates. Five discrete sequences of the 19/22 amplicon were found. Sequence 4 was associated with both defoliating isolates from Spain and nondefoliating isolates from Spain and USA; these pathotypes were separated by the primer pairs INTD2f/r and INTND2f/r, but the data showed that the primer espdef01 (derived from the 19/22 amplicon) cannot be used for this purpose. Amplicon sizes and sequences with primers 19/22 divided amphihaploid isolates from crucifers (thought to be interspecific hybrids) into those corresponding to the previously reported α and β groups. The β-group isolates had either sequence 4 or 5 (these two differing by a single base). The distinct amplicon sequence 3 given by the α-group isolates demonstrated that the V. dahliae -like 'parent' of this group was molecularly unlike any haploid isolate yet studied. The overall results are discussed in relation to phytosanitary considerations and the probability of defoliating or crucifer pathotypes arising de novo within Europe, either by selection or by interspecific hybridizations.     

Phenotypic and histological expression of different genetic backgrounds in interactions between lettuce, wild Lactuca spp., L. sativa × L. serriola hybrids and Bremia lactucae

Phenotypic and histological responses of cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and wild relatives L. saligna, L.␣virosa as well as interspecific crosses derived from L. sativa × L. serriola to two races of Bremia lactucae (CS2, CS9) were investigated. With the exception of L. sativa genotypes, all accessions and hybrids expressed incomplete or complete resistance to both pathogen races, with slight differences at seedling and adult plant stages, respectively. Histological features of the interactions (development of pathogen infection structures and host hypersensitive response to attempted infection) were studied on leaf discs 48 h after inoculation. Interactions with similar phenotypic expression of resistance were characterized by significant variation in rate of development of pathogen infection structures and hypersensitive reactions. Differences found within eight Lactuca spp. accessions and hybrids challenged by two distinct pathogen races are interpreted and discussed.     

Disease Tolerance in Helianthus petiolaris : A Genetic Resource for Sunflower Breeding

Abstract

Argentina is a major sunflower producer in the world, with crop acreage of 2?2.7 million ha in the last four years. Sunflower crop yield is often influenced by sanitary constraints, mainly fungal pathogens. Helianthus petiolaris is a wild species native to North America established in central Argentina displays a high tolerance to a number of fungal diseases and insects. Controlled crosses of this species with sunflower demonstrated that H. petiolaris constitutes a valuable genetic variability source for sunflower breeding to improve tolerance to rust (Puccinia helianthi), white rust (Albugo tragopogonis), verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), powdery mildew (Erisiphe sp.) and the sunflower moth (Rachiplusia nu). This places H. petiolaris in an outstanding position as a genetic resource since different important traits could be transferred to the crop through interspecific hybridization.     

家蚕一代杂交种成品卵微粒子病检疫抽样检查存在问题及解决方案

利用近年来集团抽样检查接收概率函数的研究成果,分析了家蚕一代杂交种成品卵微粒子病检疫抽样检查在信赖度的估算、集团检出率的考虑和样本量大小等方面存在的问题,提出了成品卵微粒子病检疫抽样检查方案制定的基本原则和相应的改进方案。新方案考虑了集团检出率、样本的代表性等问题,通过增加检验集团内的个体数减少了检验工作量,使消费者风险和生产者风险都得到有效控制。     

Genomic structure of androgenic progeny of pentaploid hybrids, Festuca arundinacea × Lolium multiflorum

To assess the usefulness of the doubled haploid (DH) method in the breeding of forage grasses, a sample of anther-derived progeny of pentaploid F₁ hybrids of Festuca arundinacea × Lolium multifiorum was karyotyped using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). The technique allowed scoring of the total number of chromosomes, the number of chromosomes contributed by each parent, and the number and positions of the Festuca-Lolium translocation breakpoints. Among 27 plants analysed, 13 belonged to three clones, effectively reducing the number of different progeny karyotyped to 17. These included 10 haploids, five doubled haploids and two plants for which the origins could not be explained. In all plants analysed, a mixture of chromosomes of both parents was present, including an average of 1.88 intergeneric translocations per plant. The translocation breakpoints were distributed along almost the entire length of the chromosome arms. Chromosome variation among androgenic progeny appeared much wider than that in the conventional backcross but low vigour and high mortality suggest that this additional variation may be difficult to exploit directly in breeding. However, a change in the pattern of recombination makes the entire genome accessible to manipulation.