300 MW轴封型核主泵循环油泵的数值模拟与试验研究

研究了300 MW轴封型核主泵循环油泵的螺旋轴流式叶轮结构功能和性能特点,对循环油泵过流部件的内部流动进行了三维数值模拟,并预测了油泵的水力性能,论证了螺旋轴流式叶轮和径向导叶设计及参数选取的合理性.通过对循环油泵在不同介质温度下的水力性能试验,分析不同油温下滑油黏度对水力性能的影响及其机理.结果表明:在大流量工况下,循环油泵性能的预测结果和试验结果具有较好的一致性;螺旋轴流式结构使循环油泵具有高抗汽蚀性能和高可靠性,但效率仅为10%左右;循环油泵的效率和扬程均随着温度的升高而升高,这是由于滑油黏度随温度升高而减小,叶轮的圆盘摩擦损失、叶轮和导叶流道内部的流动损失均明显减小;循环油泵的水力特性完全满足核主泵推力轴承滑油系统的的运行要求,研究结果可为润滑油系统的分析与设计提供依据.     

基于灰色关联分析法的白城市洪水资源利用效益分析

[目的]对吉林省白城市洪水资源利用效益进行分析,为该地区洪水资源的合理配置提供科学依据。[方法]采用灰色关联分析法,对2008—2017年白城市洪水资源利用效益衡量及其所依赖的经济收益、生态环境改善、社会发展等变化,分别从直接经济效益、生态环境效益和间接经济社会效益3个角度中确定指标参数和指标体系进行关联分析。[结果]洪水资源利用对各效益指标的影响关联度均在0.55以上,目前洪水资源对生态环境效益影响最为明显,占全部效益的43%。[结论]灰色关联分析法为有效利用和管理洪水资源提供了新的思路与评价方法,白城市洪水资源更多以自然形式为环境及生态所利用,所带来的效益更多在生态资源本身,当地洪水资源具有很大的开发潜力。     

Annual warm-season grasses vary for forage yield,quality, and competitiveness with weeds

Warm-season annual grasses may be suitable as forage crops in integrated weed management systems with reduced herbicide use. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine whether tillage system and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application method influenced crop and weed biomass, water use, water use efficiency (WUE), and forage quality of three warm-season grasses, and seed production by associated weeds. Tillage systems were zero tillage and conventional tillage with a field cultivator. The N fertilization methods were urea broadcast or banded near seed rows at planting. Warm-season grasses seeded were foxtail (Setaria italica L.) and proso (Panicum mileaceum L.) millets, and sorghum–sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudenense Stapf.). Density of early emerging weeds was similar among treatments, averaging 51 m^?2. Millets exhibited higher weed density and weed biomass than sorghum–sudangrass. At harvest, sorghum–sudangrass produced significantly greater biomass and N accumulation than either millet. Water use (157 mm) and WUE (25.1 kg mm^-1 ha^?1) of total biomass did not vary among treatments or grass entries. Weed seed production by redroot pigweed and green foxtail was respectively 93 and 73% less in sorghum–sudangrass than proso millet. Warm-season grasses offer an excellent fit in semiarid cropping systems.     

Overview on soil fertility management for cereals crops in semi-arid conditions of Spain

The management of the fertilization in integrated production intends to produce good yields and high product quality, while protecting the soil from different processes such as erosion, salinization, and acidification. Principally, it seeks to maintain and improve soil fertility by preventing loss of organic matter and nutrient imbalances, while also preventing surface and groundwater pollution, and the main objective being to produce food of maximum nutritional value. In this paper we assess, in prevailing soil types in central Spain (Cambisol and Regosol), several limiting factors of soil fertility, such as soil compaction due to conservative tillage systems and climatic conditions which influence the vegetation and soil conditions (mainly during the summer). The analysis of integrated fertilization allows us to highlight the importance of maximizing resources and natural production mechanisms. We evaluate the nutritional requirements of crops, aiming to ensure long-term sustainable compatible agriculture which satisfies both the demands of society (concerning environmental protection) and the agricultural productivity requirements. In this context, the official guidelines in Spain have been to meet the standards and requirements established in integrated management programs.     

西南地区严重旱灾的人为因素初探

2009年秋季以来,我国西南地区出现了历史罕见的严重旱灾,在综合分析这次成灾自然因素的基础上,着重探讨了以生态环境变化为核心的土地利用,水土保持、矿产开发和水利水电设施等人类活动对西南地区旱灾的影响.分析认为,造成这次特大旱灾的直接原因是长达连续7个月少雨的气象干旱,但水源涵养功能较差引起的土壤和浅层地下水调控能力丧失,矿产开发破坏地质水文环境,水利设施功能减退等人类活动也在很大程度上导致了灾情加剧.只有综合考虑西南地区的特殊生态水文与地质条件,通过流域综合治理,才可以有效应对气候变化对该区水资源和区域发展造成的不良影响.     

控制中国非点源污染的生物经济学战略

While non-point pollution from agriculture has become an increasingly serious problem in China, some progress has been made in studying the causal biophysical processes. However, few studies have assessed the economic consequences of non-point pollution in China or the policy options that could be employed to combat it. In this work a sustainable strategy to control non-point pollution from crop production, which involved taxing excessive inputs of irrigation water and fertilizer, was proposed. The approach taken to assess these measures combined biophysical and economic models,having a trade-off between economic returns and an improved environment. A proven and practical spatially referenced water and nutrient management model was used to determine the quantities of excessive irrigation water and fertilizer for specific soil and land use. Also, a set of indicators were proposed for evaluating the effects of agricultural economic output and agricultural practices on the environment.     

西北黄土区降水资源综合调控利用基本理论和方式研究

总结西北黄土区自然环境基本特征和降水资源利用措施,针对天然降水时空分布特征和自然转化方式特点,提出了以人为调整降水自然转化方式类型组合为核心理念、以调整降水资源综合调控利用时间组合比和空间组合比为核心内容的基本理论和数学表达式,同时总结了以该理论为依据、以符合西北黄土区自然环境特征和社会经济特点为特色的降水资源综合调控利用基本方式,并列举相应典型事例证明其可行性。     

河蟹养殖自动作业船导航控制系统设计与测试

针对河蟹养殖过程中存在的水草清理难度大、喂料投饵不均匀、人力成本高等问题,该文设计了一种基于ARM(advanced RISC machine)和GPS/INS(global positioning system/inertial navigation system)组合导航的多功能全自动河蟹养殖作业船导航控制系统。该系统由明轮驱动船、ARM主控制器、GPS/INS组合导航装置等组成。为降低传统的基于有限目标点航道位置计算方法的复杂度并减小船体偏离航道的误差,该文提出了一种基于实时插点的航道位置计算方法,实时地解算出当前时刻的目标位置,并设计了相应的转弯及航道切换策略。针对明轮船具有非线性、大时滞、欠阻尼的运动特点,设计了基于模糊PID(proportion integration differentiation)的航向、航速双闭环运动控制算法;基于嵌入式Linux操作系统,设计了船载子系统软件,并编写了上位机监控程序对船载子系统的运行状态进行实时监控。利用河蟹养殖作业船试验平台进行了航速及自动导航试验,并对有限目标点和实时插点的航道位置计算方法的控制效果进行了对比。试验结果表明:船体速度响应较快,超调量不超过5%,稳态误差可控制在3%以内;采用有限点的航道位置计算方法时,船体在转弯与直行时偏离航道的最大误差分别为2.12和1.52m;采用实时插点的航道位置计算方法时,船体在转弯与直行时偏离航道的最大误差分别为0.36和0.09m,分别下降了83.02%和94.08%,船体的控制精度得到了全面的改善。该文可以为多功能河蟹养殖作业船的研究提供重要参考。     

Effects of selective cutting and herbicide use in spring barley on seed production of Cirsium arvense

A field experiment was performed in Sweden to evaluate the effect of herbicide treatment and selective cutting on the seed production of Cirsium arvense. Four treatments (control (C), selective cutting (S), early (H1) and late (H2) herbicide application) were laid out in a randomized block experiment. The field was sown with spring barley and contained a natural population of the weed. Treatments were first applied 2015 and repeated 2016. Changes in the number of seeds per flower receptacle and average seed weight were measured over time in 2016 from the onset of seed production until crop harvest. At harvest, number of shoots per area and cumulative numbers of flower receptacles, which had shed mature seeds over the season, were counted. These data were used to assess total seed production over the season. Treatment H2 led to a significantly decreased number of seeds per receptacle (49) compared to S (59), H1 (64) and C (67). Over time and treatment, number of seeds per flower receptacle was lowest in the second week (47) and increased over the third week to 69 in week four. Average weight per seed was about constant over time (0.91?mg) while H1 and S (0.63 and 0.78?mg, respectively) had lower seed weights compared to H2 and C (1.04 and 1.19?mg, respectively). Total seed production over the season in terms of number of seeds per square meter was greatly reduced by all treatments (5–20 seeds m^?2, or 3–14?mg?m^?2) compared to the control (6600 seeds m^?2, or 7800?mg?m^?2). We conclude that seed production of C. arvense is inhibited a thousand-fold and equally well by selective cutting as by early or late herbicide treatments.     

CMOS集成块在水电站控制电路中的应用

在水电站控制电路中,为完成全站逻辑选控开停机,逻辑选控同期合油开关、跳油开关的功能,用CMOS集成电路替代分立元件,从而提高了水电站的自动化程度,缩小了集控台体积,也有利于安装、调试和维修。