长江经济带产业—碳排放—土地协同发展研究

[目的] 研究长江经济带产业发展、土地利用及碳排放指数间的内在响应关系及作用机理,为区域协同发展提供思路。[方法] 基于GM (1,1)预测模型对产业发展、土地利用及碳排放指数进行灰色预测后进行耦合协调度分析,并运用PVAR模型探讨三者间的响应关系。[结果] ①区域各要素间的耦合度高于协调度,耦合协调状态呈增长趋势,而区域内部则呈现自下游至上游的降低趋势。②土地利用强度对于产业发展于前两期呈正向冲击,产业发展对碳排放为滞后2期内的先负而后转正冲击的倒V型波动趋势,土地利用对碳排放呈现明显的正相关脉冲响应。③三要素主要依赖于自身的发展路径,但产业发展对碳排放强度的解释力高于土地利用强度对其的解释力,而随着期数的增加,二者对碳排放的影响趋势均呈现增长趋势。[结论] 经济发展过程中产业结构调整及土地利用的配置和保障不可或缺,而碳排放作为未来发展中的重要制约因素也不可忽视,探索三者间的响应关系,能够更好地为区域协调发展提供依据。     

中国农产品产地加工产业布局分析及发展对策

通过对大宗农产品的主要产地分布和大宗农产品加工业的产业布局进行分析,可推知中国大宗农产品产地初加工的格局已基本形成。农产品加工各行业的企业规模偏小、投资盲目、企业间无序竞争、精深加工的程度低、产品的附加值普遍不高等问题是制约中国农产品产地初加工产业化的问题所在。因此,应尽快实现中国农产品产地初加工由初级加工向高附加值精深加工转变,基本形成与国际接轨的农产品加工标准体系和全程质量控制体系,初步形成产学研相结合的研发机制和先进适用技术成果的推广体系,为农产品加工业健康快速发展奠定良好基础。     

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.     

典型煤矿工业园区土壤重金属污染评价

随着工业化进程的加快,一些农业用地转为工业用地,土地用途的转变可能会影响周围土壤的质量。该研究以河南省东部某煤矿工业园区为对象,分成不同小区采集土壤样品,分析工业园区内表层土壤的Hg、Cd、Zn、As、Pb、Cr六种重金属含量及污染评价,并同时与周边土壤重金属含量进行比较,分析可能造成土壤环境污染的因子。结果表明,根据土壤环境质量标准,工业园区域内土壤污染指数小于0.7,土壤清洁;但与周边土壤比较存在污染的风险,潜在重金属威胁主要表现为Hg,其他重金属污染风险趋势为Cd>Zn>As>Pb>Cr;在空间分布上,除Cr外,随着与工业园区距离的加大,其他五种重金属其含量有降低的趋势;同时根据结果提出合理土壤污染防控建议。     

石灰性褐土中磷锌镉相互作用对其有效性的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究了石灰性褐土中磷、锌、镉相互作用对土壤中磷、锌、镉有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）磷锌共同培养时,施锌提高了土壤速效磷含量,且随培养时间的延长而降低。在相同锌浓度处理下,土壤中的有效锌含量随施磷量的增加而增加,不同锌浓度处理下,有效锌含量随土壤培养时间的延长而显著降低。（2）磷镉共同培养时,施镉对土壤速效磷含量影响不明显;施磷降低了有效镉含量,但效果不显著;且都随时间的延长而降低。（3）锌镉共同培养时,在培养的前30d,土壤中有效锌含量随施镉浓度增加而降低,但在30d后,有效锌含量有增加的趋势。土壤中有效镉含量在不同锌-镉处理下随培养时间变化有较大差异：在Cd3处理下,加入高浓度锌后显著降低土壤有效镉含量;Cd30处理下,在培养前30d,锌的施入对土壤中有效镉含量影响不明显,但30d以后,土壤有效镉含量随施入锌浓度的增加而显著降低。说明两者的竞争机制随时间的延长发生变化,且施锌能明显降低镉的毒性。     

The efficacy of three techniques to alleviate soil compaction at a restored sand and gravel quarry

Reinstated soil at restored sites often suffers from severe compaction which can significantly impede root development. Several methods, such as ripping and complete cultivation, are available to alleviate compaction that may occur as a result of soil reinstatement. This paper examines the effectiveness of the industry standard industrial ripper and a prototype modern ripper, the Mega‐Lift, in comparison with the recommended best practice method of complete cultivation. An investigation of the penetration resistance of the soil at a restored sand and gravel quarry was carried out using a cone penetrometer and a ‘lifting driving tool’ (dropping weight penetrometer) 3 years following cultivation. All the cultivation treatments reduced soil compaction to some degree compared with the untreated control. However, the penetration resistance values suggest that rooting would be restricted at relatively shallow depths in the plots cultivated using the industrial and Mega‐Lift ripper; penetration resistance exceeded 2 MPa within the first 0.33 m. Complete cultivation maintained penetration resistance values of less than 2 MPa within the depth limit of the penetrometer of 0.42 m. In addition, the results from the ‘lifting driving tool’ indicate that soils treated using complete cultivation remained significantly looser than those treated with the ripper to a depth of at least 0.80 m. The results demonstrate that complete cultivation remains the most effective method of alleviating soil compaction on restored sites, although it is recognized that its relatively high cost may restrict the uptake of the technique.     

长期施肥对黑土磷素积累、形态转化及其有效性影响的研究

1980年开始,在小麦大豆玉米轮作制中,研究长期定位施用常量的氮、磷、钾(小麦、玉米施肥量为N150、P2O575、K2O75kg/hm2;大豆为N75、P2O5150、K2O75kg/hm2)和有机肥(马粪,折N75kg/hm2,只在玉米后茬上施用),以及二倍和四倍量对土壤磷素积累、形态变化及磷肥后效的影响。23年研究结果表明,长期不施肥,黑土土壤全磷下降37.4%、速效磷下降了60%;施用磷肥土壤全磷增加53.9%～65.7%、速效磷增加6～15倍。积累的磷素大部分以有效性较高的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P形态积累在土壤中,施用磷肥可使Ca2-P增加4～15倍,Ca8-P增加4～16倍,Al-P增加1.6～11.8倍,Fe-P增加1.4～4.4倍,O-P增加0.6～1.7倍,Ca10-P增加0.3～0.7倍。所积累在土壤中的磷素具有生物有效性。     

长期施肥对菜田土壤微量元素有效性的影响

利用田间试验研究了长期定位施用有机肥和氮、磷、钾化肥对菜田土壤重要微量元素有效性的影响。结果表明,长期施用氮肥会提高土壤有效态铁、锰、锌、铜含量,随着氮肥用量增加,土壤酸化程度加重,土壤中铁、锰、锌、铜有效性亦随之增强。磷、钾化肥能够提高土壤有效铁、锰含量,对土壤锌有效性不会产生明显影响,在一定范围内可以提高土壤有效性铜含量,但效果不明显。长期施用有机肥对土壤微量元素的影响与配施的化肥种类有关。土壤有效铁、锰、铜含量与土壤pH呈极显著负相关,而有效锌含量与pH相关性不明显,而且关系比较复杂。总之,影响微量元素有效性的首要因素是土壤酸碱度。     

乡村旅游产业集群化在现代农机资源整合中的应用 —基于低碳背景

在低碳背景下,乡村旅游产业已经初具规模,且形成了一定的产业集群化,有利于合理的分配旅游信息和服务资源,提高旅游产业的服务水平.在农机作业时,特别是在多农机作业时,利用产业集群化思想可以实现农机资源的合理调度与分配,从而提高农机的作业效率,实现多农机协同化生产作业.在农机资源调度与分配时,还可以利用智能化算法对农机的行驶...     

The Ethernet Technology in Water Treatment Automation

Around building a control system for water treatment, the background and the characteristics of technical development of industrial Ethernet are discussed. According to the control system of water treatment from several famous automation companies, the present situation of the technology and application of industrial Ethernet is analyzed. At last, the characteristics of the automatic control system for water treatment are described.