电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中12种元素

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中K、Ca、Na、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Al、Pb、Cd、Cr 12种元素的含量,对仪器工作参数进行优化.各待测元素的标准曲线的相关系数均不低于0.9995,方法检出限为0.02～5mg/kg,样品加标回收率在87.5％～106.3％之间,检测结果的相对标准偏差小于5％.该法具有快速、准确的特点,可作为乳粉的质量控制和安全评价.     

Towards resilient recreational fisheries on a global scale through improved understanding of fish and fisher behaviour

Despite recreational fisheries serving as a prime example of a coupled social–ecological system, much of the research on such fisheries has been monothematic in orientation and focused either on fisheries ecology or human dimensions. An attempt was made to break down some of the barriers to more interdisciplinary research on recreational fisheries at the 6^th World Recreational Fishing Conference. The overall conclusion was that future research and management efforts should increasingly focus on the feedbacks between the interacting human and ecological components of recreational fisheries. Doing so promises to improve understanding of how recreational fisheries respond to social–ecological change. In this context, the behaviour of both fishes and humans provides an important, yet often overlooked, integrator of the ecological and social components of recreational fisheries. A better understanding of the behavioural dynamics of recreational fishers as well as exploited fishes will help predict how recreational fisheries change, evolve, adapt and reorganise through time to maintain resilience and achieve sustainability on a global scale.     

ICP-MS法测定沙棘维生素P粉中13种微量元素含量

沙棘维生素P粉样品经微波消解处理,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定样品中铁、硒、锌、钾、钠、钙、镁、铜、锰、铅、砷、汞、镉等13种微量元素的含量。使用动态反应池技术消除了多原子离子对部分被测元素的干扰。方法快速准确、灵敏度高,加标回收率在95.2%～101.8%之间,相对标准偏差小于3.0%。     

用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱研究小麦籽粒元素的共分布

增加粮食可食用部分微量营养元素的浓度, 需要更好地了解其在植株, 特别是籽粒内的运输和分布规律。激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LA-ICP-MS)是一种测定植物组织中元素空间分布的新技术。采用该技术对成熟小麦籽粒中锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和磷(P)的空间分布及其关联程度定量研究。结果表明, 所测元素在籽粒不同部位的浓度分布差异很大。Cu、Zn和P浓度均以糊粉层最高, 胚乳最低, 胚居中, 浓度最大差异分别达15、42和33倍; Mn浓度则以胚最高, 胚乳最低, 糊粉层居中, 浓度最大差异达9倍。籽粒同一部位不同位置的元素浓度亦不相同, 外周胚乳(靠近糊粉层)的元素浓度大于内侧胚乳部位对应元素的浓度, 胚最外侧盾片部位的元素浓度大于胚中间位置的元素浓度, 且各元素趋势一致。比较分析发现, 麦粒不同部位元素的浓度变化存在明显的同步性, 籽粒中P浓度高的部位金属元素(Mn、Cu和Zn)浓度也高。这说明不同元素在向籽粒不同部位运输和积累过程中可能存在密切关联性。     

体积排阻高效液相色谱—电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定紫菜中镉(Cd)的形态

运用体积排阻高效液相色谱—电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS)分析了紫菜中Cd的存在形态,结果发现,在紫菜水提取液中检测到3种Cd形态,根据其保留时间确定为植物螯合肽(PC)₃-Cd、谷胱甘肽(GSH)-Cd和1种未知小分子有机态Cd,结合体外全仿生消化技术,研究了在唾液、胃、肠无机物和有机物(含消化酶)作用下,紫菜中Cd的主要存在形态,分析发现在紫菜胃全仿生提取液中,检测到2种未知小分子有机态Cd,其中以保留时间为24.2 min的Cd形态为主要存在形态。在肠全仿生提取液中检测到2种Cd形态,其中(PC)₃-Cd是主要存在形态。有关(PC)₃-Cd在生物体内的代谢规律还需进一步研究。实验确证了Cd在紫菜中的主要有机形态,为紫菜食用安全风险评价提供重要依据。     

越冬期麦田根区水热耦合模型参数原位估算与检验

越冬期根区充足的蓄水量有利于春季冬小麦的生长并有助于增产,而冬季作物根区水分运移规律通常借助土壤冻融过程水热耦合模型来描述,但该模型的预测精度受参数确定方法与边界条件等多种因素的影响。为了提高模型预测精度,提出了一种改进型的土壤冻融过程水热耦合模型参数估算方法,即运用土壤冻融特征曲线(冻土未冻水含量和土壤温度的关系)来原位估算土壤水热耦合模型参数,并检验该方法的适用性。在此基础上,评价地表蒸发量对模型预测精度的影响。大田试验在北京市昌平区小汤山精准农业示范基地开展,历经两个越冬期(2011—2012年和2012—2013年),利用管式介电传感器、温度传感器和蒸渗仪分别采集了土壤剖面未冻水含量、土壤温度和地表蒸发量数据。利用第1个越冬期(2011—2012年)的数据拟合土壤冻融特征曲线,对土壤水热参数进行最优估算,利用第2个越冬期(2012—2013年)的数据评价估算参数和地表蒸发量对模型预测精度的影响。结果表明:利用估算参数的模型预测值整体上与实测值相符。考虑到地表蒸发量对模型水热上边界的影响,第2个越冬期10 cm处未冻水含量与温度预测值和实测值的RMSE分别为0.046 m3/m3和1.883℃,20 cm深度RMSE分别为0.071 m3/m3和2.347℃。相比之下,在未考虑地表蒸发量影响下,第2个越冬期10 cm处未冻水含量与温度的模拟值和实测值的RMSE为0.059 m3/m3和2.149℃,20 cm深度RMSE为0.081 m3/m3和2.666℃。提出的改进型模型参数估算方法能够保证模型的预测精度,且考虑地表蒸发量的影响能够进一步提高模型的预测精度,随着深度的增加,蒸发量对水分与温度的影响逐渐减小。     

不同栽培方式对金线莲中微量元素的影响

[目的]建立微波消解-ICP-MS法测定金线莲中微量元素,为企业种植金线莲及质量标准的制定提供依据。[方法]样品微波消解后,采用ICP-MS法测定各元素含量,比较不同品种、不同栽培方式及月龄对金线莲中各微量元素的影响。[结果]各微量元素标液工作曲线的线性良好,相关系数≥0.999,精密度RSD≤4.4%,重复性RSD≤5.8%,回收率89.4%~114.2%,回收率RSD≤4.8%。金线莲不同品种间微量元素含量有较大差异,其中以Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn的含量较高。[结论]金线莲中的微量元素含量随种植周期的延长而增长。该方法快捷准确、灵敏稳定、重现性好,可用于同时测定金线莲中各微量元素的含量。     

The membrane‐type estrogen receptor G‐protein‐coupled estrogen receptor suppresses lipopolysaccharide‐induced interleukin 6 via inhibition of nuclear factor‐kappa B pathway in murine macrophage cells

The female sex hormone estrogen exerts anti‐inflammatory effects. The G‐protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) has been recently identified as a novel membrane‐type estrogen receptor that can mediate non‐genomic estrogenic effects on many cell types. We previously demonstrated that GPER inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha‐induced expression of interleukin 6 (IL‐6) through repression of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) promoter activity using human breast cancer cells. Although several reports have indicated that GPER suppresses Toll‐like receptor‐induced inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages, the molecular mechanisms of the inhibition of cytokine production via GPER remain poorly understood. In the present study, we examined GPER‐mediated inhibition of IL‐6 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in a mouse macrophage cell line. We found that the GPER agonist G‐1 inhibited LPS‐induced IL‐6 expression in macrophage cells, and this inhibition was due to the repression of NF‐κB promoter activity by GPER. G‐1 treatment also decreased the phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB kinases. Among the mitogen‐activated protein kinases, the phosphorylation of c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) was increased by G‐1. These findings delineate the novel mechanism of the inhibition of LPS‐induced IL‐6 through GPER‐activated JNK‐mediated negative regulation of the NF‐κB pathway in murine macrophage cells, which links anti‐inflammatory effects to estrogen.     

生态文明视角下的都市农业种养殖模式优化研究

面对资源约束趋紧、环境污染严重和生态系统退化的严峻形势,党的十八大将生态文明建设提到了前所未有的战略高度。片面强调社会文明必然会破坏自然生态,同时也不能为了自然生态而简单限制生产活动,生态文明是自然生态和社会文明的完美融合。产业属性决定了现代农业是生态文明建设的重要载体,而特殊环境决定了都市农业在生态文明建设中的特殊重要性。都市农业在生态文明建设中的重要作用最终是通过种养殖模式的优化来实现的。本文重点从农业生产的生态影响特点和生态文明建设的基本要求两个角度对都市农业种养殖模式的优化方向进行了系统分析,并从个体经济利益和社会生态利益相冲突这一生态文明建设的主要障碍入手,探讨了农业技术创新和制度建设在种养殖模式优化中的诱导机理。     

Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Plant Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry

The determination of several trace elements [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb)] in plant samples using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) was evaluated. It was established experimentally that moderate amounts (0.2–2%) of dissolved solids decreased the analyte signals significantly. Internal standardization with Rh was efficiently used to compensate for these matrix effects. The accuracy of the method was verified using reference materials digested according to two different procedures: dry ashing and microwave digestion. No significant differences were observed between measured concentrations and certified values. The investigation was next extended for the determination of major elements [aluminum (Al), boron (B), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn)] on the same reference materials. The ICP‐MS values agree well with the values supplied. However, it appeared that Sc was the most useful internal standard for major elements.