基于SWAT模型的平原河网区水文过程分布式模拟

目前普遍使用的基于SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型的分布式建模方法仅适用于山地、丘陵等高差较大的地区,对于具有复杂水文结构特点的平原河网区尚无有效的解决方案。该文选择太湖流域湖西区作为研究区,基于SWAT模型探索出一套完整的针对平原河网区的分布式建模方案。该方案采用概化、打断的方式将交叉、环状河网处理成单一的枝状河网,采用按河道分流比例跨子流域调水的方式来还原原始河道的传输过程,采用添加"虚拟水库"的方式来模拟人工圩区内外的水量交换。通过对太湖湖西区2008-2010年的月均径流量进行模拟验证,根据模拟值和观测值计算的荣登桥、胡家圩及宜兴3个水文站的相关系数r和纳什(Nash-Sutcliffe)系数Ens分别为0.94、0.95、0.93和0.84、0.80、0.67,说明了这种建模方法在平原河网区具有较好的适用性。     

水文过程及模型研究主要进展

揭示水文过程,发展水文模型不仅在暴雨洪水预报及坝库工程设计等方面具有重要作用,而且也是研发土壤侵蚀物理模型必须的基础性工作。从入渗、产流和汇流等水文物理过程出发,综述了国内外水文过程与水文模型的主要进展,并指出,建立基于GIS的分布式水文过程模型是水文模型研究的趋势。     

Shallow lateral flow from a forested hillslope: Influence of antecedent wetness

A 5-m-wide soil pit at the base of a forested hillslope in coastal British Columbia was instrumented for studying subsurface flow processes during rainstorms. Three typical, low-intensity autumn rainfall events with different antecedent moisture conditions are assessed. Outflow from the organic horizon was captured and measured by a single trough, and outflow from the mineral horizon (above compact glacial till and bedrock) was measured separately for three adjacent sections of the soil pit. For two storms that were preceded by dry conditions, lateral outflow from the organic horizon occurred, although the water table did not rise up to the organic horizon. However, the calculated effective contributing area was small (<0.7 m²) and the effective contributing slope length was short (<0.15 m). Furthermore, volumes of outflow from the organic horizon during these storms were more than 400 times less than during a later storm with wet antecedent conditions. During this later storm, a portion of the outflow from the organic horizon may have been generated as saturated overland flow due to the rising water table. The calculated effective contributing area (>170 m²) and the effective contributing slope length (>36 m) were substantially greater for the “wet” antecedent storm compared to the “dry” storm events. Shallow lateral flow over unsaturated soil is therefore unlikely to be a significant contributor to storm runoff at such forested sites. Flow at the organic horizon–mineral soil interface may contribute to interconnected preferential flow pathways during wetter antecedent conditions.     

Does no‐till farming induce water repellency to soils?

Soil water repellency (SWR) is an intrinsic and dynamic soil property that can influence soil hydrology and crop production. Although several land use systems have been shown to induce water repellency in soil, the specific effects of no‐till cropping on SWR are poorly understood. This article reviews the impacts of no‐till on SWR and identifies research needs. No‐till cropping generally induces 1.5 to 40 times more SWR than conventional tillage, depending on soil type. This may result from near‐surface accumulation of hydrophobic organic C compounds derived from crop residues, microbial activity and reduced soil disturbance. While large SWR may have adverse impacts on soil hydrology and crop production, the level of SWR under no‐till relative to conventional tillage may contribute to aggregate stabilization and intra‐aggregate C sequestration. More research is needed to discern the extent and relevance of no‐till induced SWR. This includes: (1) further assessment of SWR under different tillage systems across a wide range of soil textures and climates, (2) comparison of the various methods for measuring SWR over a range of water contents, (3) inclusion of SWR in routine soil analysis and its use as a parameter to evaluate management impacts, (4) assessment of the temporal and spatial changes in SWR under field conditions, (5) further assessment of the impacts of the small differences in SWR between no‐till and conventionally tilled soils on crop production, soil hydrology and soil C sequestration, and (6) development of models to predict SWR for different tillage systems and soils.     

湖南四水流域适宜森林覆盖率指标研究

以湖南省湘江、资江、沅江和澧水四大流域为研究对象，探索在大尺度上森林覆盖率对水文效应的影响，通过编制水文特征值得分袭和精度检验。确定了径流深（Y1）、相对河况系数（Y2）、河流含沙量（Y3）、侵蚀模数（Y4）4个水文因子和森林覆盖率（X1）、水利工程数量（X2）、流域形状系数（X3）、平均坡度（X4）、流域面积（X5）、年降雨量（X6）6个流域因子，并建立了它们之间的关系模型，并求出流域在其它因子一定时的该水文因子所要求的适宜森林覆盖率，综合考虑各水文因子在水文生态环境中的相对重要性并进行加权平均．确定流域内适宜森林覆盖率指标分别为：湘江49％．资江47％，沅江51％，澧水50％．     

中国森林水文学研究进展(英文)

 森林水文学研究对于了解流域物理、生物及化学过程以及实施流域管理,具有重要意义。森林与水的关系及其在流域管理中的应用,是国际水文学及流域管理学界十分关注的课题之一。由于缺乏长期的森林水文观测数据,导致中国的学者们以及政府决策者之间,关于森林对洪水、流域年产水量以及土壤侵蚀的作用看法不一致。作者介绍了近20年来中国森林水文学的发展历史,以及我国森林生态长期定位观测站,在林冠截留、地被物截留、林地蒸发散、地表径流、土壤侵蚀等方面的观测成果。此外,还提出了服务于中国林业工程建设急需研究的森林生态水文学课题.     

The ecology and ecosystem services of native trees: Implications for reforestation and land restoration in Mesoamerica

Tropical forests provide a variety of goods and services to humanity. Although efforts to protect and manage these forests have increased in recent decades, forest loss continues. The last decade and a half has seen considerable research on reforestation with native species in Mesoamerica, including both biophysical and social aspects. Advances in knowledge have led to increasingly sophisticated reforestation treatments as well as novel ways of deriving forest goods and services from human dominated landscapes.This Special Issue includes articles produced as the result of a conference held in Panama City, Panama in January 2010 with the goal to summarize the state of knowledge of native species reforestation and associated ecosystems services in Mesoamerica. The introduction concludes with a call for continued research, including a mechanistic understanding of tree interactions with the biophysical environment in order to advance or knowledge of ecosystem services and their interactions. Results from these and other studies aimed at socioeconomic aspects of reforestation are critical to land use planning.     

植被护坡研究进展

植被护坡具有美化环境、防止水土流失、成本低、促进生态平衡等优点,具有广阔的发展前景。综合国内外的一些研究成果,从植被护坡机理、护坡植物选择、植被护坡技术应用等几个方面加以概述,探讨植被护坡的发展方向。     

遥感和地理信息系统与水文学整合研究进展

近 2 0年来 ,遥感和地理信息系统在水文学中的应用有了长足的发展 ,特别是近几年来 ,遥感和地理信息系统与水文模型的整合研究从技术上变得切实可行 ,从而为水文学的研究开创了新的研究领域。从遥感和地理信息系统与水文学整合研究的起源、遥感和地理信息系统在水文学中的应用 ,及其三者的整合研究现状进行了综述。可以看出 :面对水文模型的全球化、分布化及复杂化发展趋势 ,遥感、地理信息系统与水文学的整合 ,不仅可加速水文学的发展 ,同时对水资源管理也必将发挥重要的作用     

基于MODCYCLE分布式水文模型的区域产流规律

为了分析区域产流时空变化规律以及不同下垫面的产流特征,采用了具有物理机制的分布式水文模型——MODCYCLE模型,并以天津市为例进行深入研究。该模型在综合考虑土壤、下垫面条件、降雨条件等多方面因素的基础上,采用修改后具有地表积水机制的Green-Ampt方程计算产流量。计算结果表明,1）1997－2004年天津市8 a平均总产流系数约为16%,其中陆面产流系数不足10%。2）陆面产流主要集中在北部山区、中心城区及东部沿海地区;水面产流主要集中在中部及东南部地区。3）陆面产流中城市区产流系数最大,8a平均为44.1%;农村居民地的产流系数也较大,为24.5%;天然林草和河滩地的产流系数不足10%,农田由于田埂的作用几乎不产流。