多环芳烃微生物降解的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在于环境中的难降解的有机污染物。对多环芳烃的来源、分布、危害、处理方法等进行了综述,并对该领域的研究方向进行了展望。     

Cuticular hydrocarbons in two parapatric species of ants and their hybrid

Discrimination between nestmates and non‐nestmates in social insects is thought to rely on the pattern of cuticular hydrocarbons. We investigated the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of 2 parapatric sibling ant species, Temnothorax nylanderi (Förster, 1850) and Temnothorax crassispinus (Karavaiev, 1926), and their hybrid. We found that although the profiles show considerable similarities, a discriminant analysis based on the relative peak areas of cuticular hydrocarbons separates the 3 taxa. The profiles of hybrids were not consistently intermediate between those of the paternal species, suggesting either non‐additive interactions among the parental biosynthetic pathways or systematic differences in environment‐derived odor cues.     

Variability of communities and physiological characteristics between free-living bacteria and attached bacteria during the PAH biodegradation in a soil/water system

The biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via free-living and attached micro-organisms in soil/water systems was observed in order to examine the variability in the community dynamics and physiological profiles of the micro-organisms. As determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the Domain Bacteria, consisting of three phyla α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteria, reached 41.27–56.05% of all organisms in the soil/water system for PAH biodegradation. Among the free-living species, Proteobacteria, including Brevundimonas (Pseudomonas) diminuta, Caulobacter spp., Mycoplana bullata, Acidovorax spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be dominant—making up 93.51–99.80% of the population—and therefore seem to be associated with PAH biodegradation. Total plate count numbers and the count of Pseudomonas sp. present in the free-living population increased to between 10³ and 10⁶ CFU ml⁻¹ when clay with very low organic matter content was used as the matrix for PAH degradation. However, total plate count microbial numbers increased to only 10¹–10² CFU ml⁻¹ using natural soil from Taichung containing 1.883% organic matter. The soil organic content (SOM) seemed to affect the mass transfer of PAH in soil, leading to the difference in PAH biodegradation. Two different approaches, which included community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) and ectoenzymatic activities, were used to explain the functional diversity between free-living and attached bacteria. The free-living and attached bacterial communities from the clay system showed proportionately greater differences using CLPP. Relatively high levels of esterases, aminopeptidases and some specific glycolysis-gluconeogenesis enzymes gave an identifiable correlation with PAH biodegradation. The differences in bacterial composition, numbers and physiological characteristics show that free-living and attached micro-organisms may play different biochemical roles in PAH degradation in soil.     

Ag/Fe催化还原体系处理水体中氯代烃的研究

研究了水体中的三氯甲烷(CF)、四氯化碳(CT)、1,1,1-三氯乙烷(1,1,1-TCA)、1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷(1,1,2,2-TeCA)、六氯乙烷(HCA)、三氯乙烯(TCE)、四氯乙烯(PCE)在Ag/Fe以及Fe⁰还原体系中的还原脱氯反应.结果表明,Ag的加入会明显提高氯代烃的还原脱氯速率,铁表面积浓度为150 m²·L^-1时,如果单独使用Fe⁰,CF、CT、1,1,1-TCA、1,1,2,2-TeCA、     

气相色谱-质谱联用法分析卷烟烟气中15种多环芳烃

在优化卷烟烟气试样前处理技术的基础上，采用毛细管气相色谱分离一质谱检测一选择离子监测模式方法(GC/MS SIM)建立了一种同时测定卷烟烟气中15种多环芳烃的分析方法．各多环芳烃在20～1000μg／L范围内有线性关系，且苯并[k]荧蒽的最低检测限达到0．32μg／L，远低于文献值．并利用该方法对国产卷烟样品进行了分析．     

零价铁渗透反应格栅原位修复地下水中氯代烃的应用及研究进展

零价铁(Fe0)渗透反应格栅是一种简单廉价而有效的新型技术,可用来修复地下水中的氯代烃污染。Fe0渗透反应格栅有广阔的应用前景,但也有自身的一些缺点,仍需进一步研究改善。本文介绍了目前渗透反应格栅的安装结构及特点,并对Fe0渗透反应格栅的现场应用及研究进展情况进行了系统论述。     

生物能源:一个不断更新的老概念

与今天所用的生物能源相比,新一代的生物能源将会是成本较低,能量较高并且多样化。但是要达到这些目标将面临着许多挑战。目前,世界上许多优秀的科学家和工程师正在不断地创造新的技术突破。笔者用自己的研究作为例子描述了一些新的挑战和解决方法。然而对有关生物能源的经济、政策和法律的研究还相对落后。     

苏南某焦化厂场地土壤和地下水特征污染物分布规律研究

以苏南某焦化厂为研究对象,在对污染区域初步识别的基础上,采集了0～4.5 m深的22个土壤样品和2个地下水样品,利用GC/MS等检测了多环芳烃类、总石油烃、苯系物、重金属,总氰化物、挥发酚、硫化物的含量,并研究了其在不同功能区土壤和地下水中的特征分布。结果表明:(1)该焦化场土壤和地下水受到了不同程度的污染,其中炼焦炉周边、焦油和洗油储罐区、焦油和粗苯加工车间是污染最严重的区域;(2)土壤中主要超标污染物是多环芳烃、总氰化物、总石油烃、单环芳香烃、二苯呋喃、苯胺、硫化物、挥发酚和一些苯酚类化合物;(3)地下水重点污染区域粗苯车间受到总氰化物、苯胺、苯酚类、萘、总石油烃、单环芳香烃的严重污染,污水处理站区域地下水主要污染物包括总氰化物、萘、总石油烃、苯。     

噬氨副球菌HPD-2固体发酵条件优化及其对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果

选用有机肥A、有机肥B和紫花苜蓿粉3种有机物料作为菌剂载体,探讨了固体发酵过程中物料量、接种量、固水比和发酵时间对噬氨副球菌HPD-2生长的影响,以及固体发酵菌剂对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,3种发酵载体中,以有机肥A的效果最好。噬氨副球菌HPD-2以有机肥A为载体的固体发酵最佳条件为物料量20 g、接种量5%、固水比1:1、发酵时间 144 h。菌剂施入土壤28天后,土壤中PAHs总含量由初始的9.96 mg/kg 下降到7.64 mg/kg,其去除率达22.8%。不同环数PAHs的去除率高低顺序为3环＞5环＞6环和4环,分别下降了35.1%、27.0%、20.7%、20.4%。该菌剂对PAHs污染土壤有一定的修复效果。     

高锰酸钾氧化修复污染土壤中菲和芘的研究

利用人工污染土壤,研究了高锰酸钾对4种不同土壤中菲和芘的氧化修复效果。结果表明,当高锰酸钾浓度为33.33mmol·L^-1时,土壤中菲和芘的氧化去除率达到最大。高锰酸钾氧化去除率不仅与高锰酸钾浓度有关,还与土壤性质和老化时间有关。土壤有机质含量的增加会降低高锰酸钾对土壤中菲和芘的氧化去除率;随着老化时间的增加,高锰酸钾的氧化去除率逐渐降低。老化40d后,4种土壤中菲和芘的氧化去除率显著降低,菲的氧化去除率在14%～67%之间,芘的氧化去除率在61%～84%之间。高锰酸钾氧化前后,4种土壤中有机质含量下降范围为0.77%～9.21%。从土壤有机质含量来看,高锰酸钾氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤对土壤质量影响较小,具有较好的应用前景。