农机液压技术的应用与发展

液压技术的应用已成为现代化农业机械的典型标志。为此,介绍了农机液压技术的应用现状;并根据科学技术的发展,简要分析了农机液压技术的发展趋势。     

生物结皮生长发育对黄绵土抗侵蚀性能的影响

[目的] 黄土高原退耕还林(草)工程驱动的生物结皮发育可显著抑制土壤侵蚀,为探明土壤抗侵蚀性能随生物结皮生长发育的变化特征及其响应机制。[方法] 设置藻结皮、藓结皮和自然演替结皮3个处理,培育176天,系统研究生物结皮不同发育阶段及其类型差异对黄绵土抗侵蚀性能的影响。[结果] (1)生物结皮盖度、厚度、生物量、叶绿素和粗糙度随生长时间均显著增加,培育初期藓结皮较高,培育末期自然演替结皮反而最高。(2)随生物结皮发育,土壤黏结力呈幂函数增强,较初期增加39.8%~60.3%;质量损失率呈指数函数减小,较初期降低45.6%~57.3%;饱和导水率变化趋势较为复杂,但培育末期均最低(0.08~0.12 mm/min)。(3)土壤黏结力随生物结皮盖度、厚度、叶绿素、生物量和表面粗糙度的增加呈幂函数增长,质量损失率随生物结皮盖度、厚度、叶绿素、生物量和表面粗糙度的增加呈指数函数下降。(4)土壤抗侵蚀综合指数(C_ser)可表示为盖度(Cov)、厚度(T)和生物量(B)的幂函数(C_ser=0.279 Cov^0.194 T^0.188 B^0.119, R²=0.73, p＜0.05)。[结论] 黄土高原生物结皮发育可显著提高黄绵土抗侵蚀性能,藓结皮效果最强。     

低速大扭矩Ⅰ型复合齿轮转子马达的机理研究

介绍了齿轮转子马达的结构原理和工作原理 ,对复合齿轮转子马达进行了分类 ,阐明了 型低速大扭矩型复合齿轮转子马达的工作原理 ,对该种马达的排量公式及瞬时扭矩公式进行了数学推导 ,分析了该马达的输出扭矩脉动率 ,并对马达的径向力进行定性分析。结果表明该马达具有输出扭矩大、低速启动性能好、力学性能好、运行平稳、噪声低等特点 ,其性能明显优于其他种类的低速大扭矩马达 ,除用于普通液压系统外 ,在一定条件下还可用于纯水液压系统 ,本文为 型复合齿轮转子马达的进一步开发设计提供了理论依据。     

灯泡贯流式水轮机增减负荷动态特性分析

水轮机频繁经历变负荷工况转换过程,使得机组在较短时间内工作参数急剧变化,严重影响电站稳定运行。该研究以某贯流式水轮机为研究对象,在考虑自由液面和水体重力的情况下,采用动网格技术对贯流式水轮机相同出力范围下的减、增负荷过渡过程的动态特性进行分析。研究结果表明：由于增负荷和减负荷过渡过程的起始工况导致起始流动状态不同,因此在相同出力时,机组内的流动分布不同,减负荷过程尾水管内的涡流面积及强度明显小于增负荷工况,且尾水管涡带尺度也明显小于增负荷过程;相比于增负荷过程,减负荷过程中转轮叶片大范围的低压区极易引发空化;机组内的水压力脉动主要以尾水管涡带引起的0.1fn(fn为转频)低频压力脉动和转轮的旋转引起3fn的高频压力脉动为主,增负荷过程的压力脉动幅值明显大于减负荷过程,两种压力脉动共同作用,使得贯流式水轮机主要振动区域集中于转轮。研究结果对贯流式水轮机的设计与运行具有一定的指导意义。     

PVC单、双壁波纹塑料管用作农田排水暗管比较研究

通过室内材料力学试验和水力学试验，对PVC单、双壁波纹塑料管有关性质进行了比较研究，试验结果表明：PVC双壁波纹塑料管的力学性质和水力学性质均较单壁波纹塑料管优越，适于作农田地下排水暗管。     

关中农田土壤剖面的主要物理性状研究

为了探明现代长期集约化生产和耕作管理模式下土壤物理状态的变化特征,对关中地区农田0～60 cm剖面范围内的土壤物理特性进行了研究。结果显示：(1) 土壤剖面容重呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,表层0～10 cm土壤容重最小,为1.34 g·cm^-3,20～40 cm土层容重高达1.67 g·cm^-3,达到了制约根系延伸的极限容重;(2) 土壤紧实度随着剖面深度增加逐渐增大,0～15 cm、15～25 cm、25～45 cm土层范围内的平均值分别为482 kPa、1 647 kPa、2 268 kPa;(3) 土壤饱和导水率随着土层深度增加而逐渐减小,其中0～10 cm土层的饱和导水率最高,平均为0.968 mm·min^-1,且各土层之间的差异达到显著水平。研究表明只有0～10 cm土层土壤结构性较好,而10 cm以下土壤的物理状态具有明显的退化趋势,制约着作物根系的延伸、气体交换和水分的入渗,应予以足够的重视。     

Dispersion and migration of fine particles in two palygorskite‐containing soils of the Jordan Valley

Migration of different mineral particles within columns of soil‐sand mixtures containing 10 or 20 mass % of soil was investigated by establishing differences in the mineral suite between the ”︁bulk clay” and the ”︁mobile fine material” fractions. The ”︁bulk clay” fractions of all soils contained smectite, palygorskite, kaolinite, quartz, feldspar, and calcite. The soils were saturated with sodium by leaching with NaCl solution, and then leached with distilled water. Clay dispersion and particle migration occurred in the columns. Values of SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) of the effluent decreased with time due to carbonate dissolution. At a certain SAR value, the clays apparently formed aggregates, and as a consequence particle migration stopped in the column. In addition to clay‐sized particles (< 2 μm), very‐fine‐silt‐sized particles (2— 5 μm) were able to migrate in the soil‐sand mixtures, too, and to some extent fine‐silt‐sized particles (5—10 μm) as well. Average size of mobile particles decreases with increase of soil content in the soil‐sand mixtures. The mineralogical composition of the ”︁mobile fine material” changed during the experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, the ”︁mobile fine material” was enriched in the non‐phyllosilicates (especially in calcite, and in some cases in quartz, feldspar and dolomite) and contained low concentrations of phyllosilicates (smectite, palygorskite and kaolinite). At the end of the experiment, the proportion of non‐phyllosilicates decreased, and as a consequence, the proportion of phyllosilicates increased. Among the non‐phyllosilicates, calcite was the most mobile mineral. Among the phyllosilicates, palygorskite was preferentially mobilized in topsoil horizons. In subsoil horizons, on the other hand, kaolinite was preferentially mobilized. This difference was explained by the different nature of carbonates in the topsoil and subsoil horizons. Palygorskite is preferentially occluded within the soil carbonates of lacustrine origin over smectite and kaolinite. These carbonates are present mainly in the subsoil horizons. As a consequence, the presence of these carbonates in the subsoil horizons decreases the migration of mainly palygorskite.     

Hydraulic conductivity and porosity under conventional and no-tillage and the effect of three species of cover crop in northern France

We studied soil hydraulic conductivity (K) and porosity in five combinations of soil tillage and cover crop management systems. Treatments were winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on a conventionally tilled soil (CT), on a no‐till soil (NT), and on an NT with three different cover crops: red fescue (Festuca rubra L.; Fr), bird's‐foot‐trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; Lc) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Ms). Measurements were made on a loamy soil in Grignon, France, in November 2004, May 2005 and October 2005. K and mean size of hydraulically active pores were measured in situ at three water potentials (?0.6, ?0.2 and ?0.05 kPa) at the soil surface and at 10 cm depth. In November 2004 and May 2005, pore space was described using 2D image analysis of pores on undisturbed soil samples in the 0–10 cm layer and in the 10–20 cm layer. The major differences were caused by soil tillage that created two heterogeneous soil layers and increased K in the 0–10 cm layer relative to NT. The effects of cover crop on K and porosity were not affected by the root type: there were no major differences between the grass cover crop (fibrous‐root type) and the leguminous ones (tap‐root type). However, we recorded larger functional pores and more tubules in the no‐till treatments with a cover crop, compared with the no‐till treatment without cover crop; this was probably the result of root activity. Although these changes generally did not result in larger values of K, they participated in the maintenance of soil structure and K over time.     

水轮机顶盖取水的应用及分析

根据已有的使用情况，从水轮机顶盖取水作为机组技术供水源存在着一些问题，为此，从止漏环间隙及顶盖取水的水量和水压，顶盖取水管和稳压池的布置，顶盖取水的运行方式及注意事项等方面，探讨了中小型水轮机从顶盖取冷却水的可行性、经济效益及注意事项。     

组培洗瓶机的水力洗涤工艺研究

采用模型试验的方法对组培洗瓶机的水力洗涤工艺进行了研究，论证了水力洗涤方式完全可满足组培洗瓶的要求，确定了水力洗涤各参数对洗涤效果的影响程度，并获得了水力洗涤主要参数的较佳范围，为设计组培洗瓶机提供了理论依据。