优质杂交晚籼稻新组合乐优97的选育及栽培制种技术

乐优97是一种典型的晚籼型三系杂交水稻良种,于2022年通过中国国家农作物品种审定委员会审定,系由合肥丰乐种业股份有限公司所属的水稻研究院通过自己创制的三系不育系409A与恢复系R977 杂交选育而成的高产、优质、抗倒杂交晚籼型新型组合。文中详细尽介绍了乐优97的选育步骤,重点介绍了乐优97的特征特性,并归纳出了乐优97优质高产栽培技术及其制种技术关键要点,希望为该产品的以后大规模推广种植打下基础。     

Chemically induced sterility in wheat for hybrid seed production

Summary The gametocidal effects of RH-531, RH-532, and RH-2956 were studied with three rates and times of foliar application on two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, Anza and Yecora 70. RH-531 and RH-532 applied at or before booting stage caused rather large reduction in plant height while RH-2956 had a small effect on height. Application of any of the three chemicals on Anza at meiotic stages reduced self-pollination (SP) fertility by 97–99%. If 90% SP fertility reduction is acceptable, the application time could vary from premeiosis to postmeiosis for Anza. Yecora 70 was less sensitive than Anza to gametocide treatments. The lowest SP fertility obtained in Yecora 70 with RH-531, RH-532, and RH-2956 was by treatment at booting (4 kg/ha), at premeiosis (2 kg/ha), and heading (8 kg/ha), and the corresponding SP fertility reductions were 74, 89, and 71%. Pollen stainability-determined by aceto-carmine, IKI, and Alexander's stains-was not affected by gametocide treatment and was not useful in evaluating sterility induced by these chemicals. For the RH-531-treated Anza and Yecora 70 and the RH-532-treated Anza, more than 94% of the seeds produced by open-pollination on treated plants were from self-or sib-pollination as determined by progeny testing. However, RH-532-treated Yecora 70 and RH-2956-treated Anza and Yecora 70 did result in more crossed seeds, with a maximum of 20% outcrossing. It was believed that spike compactness induced by the chemicals and the related poor flower opening were the major limitations for outcrossing. Artificial pollinations made to the test varieties showed that RH-531 induced both male and female sterility and was undesirable for practical use. RH-532, however, could be applied at the booting stage to avoid severe female sterility, and RH-2956 clearly was the best of the three chemicals, with the female fertility very close to those of the untreated checks of both Anza and Yecora 70. Of the three chemicals, RH-2956 gave the highest percentage of hybrid plants in the progeny of hand-or open-pollinated spikes. Its practical use for hybrid seed production, however, will depend largely on improvement of methods to increase cross pollination in wheat.     

Hybrid grass-clump dwarfness in wheat: Physiology and genetics

Summary The growth of all grass-clump dwarfs is sensitive to temperature with low temperature giving rise to the grass-clump phenotype and high temperature producing normal phenotype. A continuous temperature of 26°C is required for normal growth of Type 1 dwarfs, a continuous temperature of 21°C is required for normal growth of Ty[e 2 dwarfs and a continuous temperature of 16°C is required for normal growth of Type 3 dwarfs.Genetic studies show that the inheritance of the grass-clump characteristic is due to three complementary dominant genes.The grass-clump growth habit is produced as a result of the temperature sensitivity of the apical meristem. In grass-clump plants low temperature treatment results in the cessation of cell division, DNA synthesis and phospholipid synthesis in the apical meristem. The primary temperature lesion has not been identified. Prolonged low temperature treatment of grass-clump plants results in extensive cell necrosis in a region just below the apical meristem; this cell death results in the permanent inactivation of the apical meristem.Supported in part by the National Research Council of Canada.     

不同山羊草细胞质效应的比较研究

以 2 4种不同山羊草细胞质的稳定同核异质杂种为材料 ,进行了植株生长特性、病害抗性、抗低温能力、光合特性、主要农艺性状、自交育性和种子蛋白质含量等方面的比较研究。同时 ,还分析了异源细胞质效应的遗传特点 ,指出了生产上有应用价值的细胞质材料     

杂交狼尾草打浆后饲喂早中期妊娠母猪效果研究

开展以沼液浇灌的“闽牧6号”杂交狼尾草（Pennisetum americarum×P．purpureum cv．Minmu 6）打浆不同比例饲喂怀孕早中期母猪(0～80 d)效果研究,试验设4个饲喂量处理,处理1（CK）~处理4,妊娠早中期分别饲喂打浆鲜草0、2、4、6 kg/(头·d),牧草以折合成干物质等量替代配合饲料。结果表明,4个处理的母猪窝产仔数分别为13.42、10.60、13.64和11.50头,窝活仔数分别为12.42、10.30、12.73和9.92头,饲喂2和4 kg/（头·d）打浆鲜草在活仔数方面与对照差异不显著,而饲喂6 kg/（头·d）打浆鲜草则显著低于不饲喂鲜(P<0.05)。饲喂牧草的处理仔猪初生体质量、健仔率都比对照得到不同程度的提高,试验结果还表明,怀孕早中期母猪通过饲喂2～4 kg/（头·d）狼尾草草浆来补充纤维来源,可提高母猪的生产性能和仔猪品质,尤其以饲喂4 kg/（头·d）打浆鲜草,饲粮粗纤维含量为8.24%～9.41%,效果最佳。     

獒本杂交犬繁育性能研究

通过对獒本杂交犬与当地土种犬发情时间、配种时间、产活仔数、幼犬初生重等的对比研究,发现獒本杂交犬发情时间集中在9~11月份,发情受胎率与母犬年龄及养殖条件有关,常规养殖下3~4岁獒本杂交母犬发情率为100%,2~4岁獒本杂交母犬受胎率达到100%。獒本杂交犬产仔力和哺乳性能等繁育性能指标明显高于本地土种犬,1~5岁龄杂交母犬的平均活产仔数显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.05);仔犬平均初生重显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.05);仔犬断奶平均个体体重显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.01);仔犬断奶平均窝重显著高于当地土种犬(P(0.05);幼犬断奶成活数比土种犬高14.3%。     

结缕草属植物生殖性状的遗传分析

选用2份生殖性状存在差异的结缕草(Z136)和中华结缕草(Z039)相互杂交,获得正反交F₁分离群体,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对F₁群体的花序密度、生殖枝高度、花序长度、每穗小穗数、小穗长度、小穗宽度、小穗长度/宽度进行遗传分析,以初步明确这些性状的遗传特性。结果表明,1)在调查的7个性状中,正反交杂交后代中每一个性状的变异范围均超出了双亲的变异范围,不同性状的变异系数差异较大,花序密度的变异系数最大,其次为生殖枝高度和每穗粒数,小穗长度和宽度的变异最小,花序长度的变异居中。2)花序密度、生殖枝高度、小穗长度和小穗长/宽正反交后代的观测值存在显著差异,可能有母体遗传效应,花序长度、每穗粒数和小穗宽度正反交后代间的观测值无显著差异。3)花序密度正反交后代群体的最佳遗传模型为存在2对主基因控制的遗传模型,生殖枝高度、花序长度和小穗宽度正反交后代群体的最佳遗传模型均为A-0模型,即无主基因模型。每穗粒数正交为1对主基因的遗传模型,反交为无主基因模型,小穗长度的正交为无主基因模型,反交为1对主基因模型。小穗长/宽正交的最适遗传模型为B-1模型,即2对主基因的加性-显性-上位性遗传模型,主基因遗传率为42.72%,反交群体的最适遗传模型为B-2模型,即2对主基因的加性-显性遗传模型,主基因遗传率为98.81%。     

高寒牧区碱茅＋杂花苜蓿混播试验初报

为选择适合在高海拔，寒冷地区推广的多年生混播牧草品种，采用近年培育出的甘农１号杂花苜蓿与碱茅，在肃南县进行了混播试验，结果表明，高寒地区碱茅与甘农１号杂花苜蓿混播有较强的抗寒性和越冬能力，碱茅与苜蓿以７：４比例混播，可获得最佳产草量和牧草品质。     

2年生桉树杂交种生长与抗风的遗传变异研究

 以２×１０的析因交配桉树杂交种为研究材料,杂种的母本为尾叶桉和细叶桉,父本为巨桉、粗皮桉、细叶桉和尾叶桉。对２７个月生杂交种的材积生长、抵抗风速为１８和４０ｍ／ｓ台风的抗风指数（ＷＲ１ 和ＷＲ２）的研究表明,材积生长在母本间差异不显著（犘＞０．０５）,但在父本间、母本与父本的交互作用间差异显著（犘＜０．０５）;ＷＲ１ 在父、母本间均存在显著差异（犘＜０．０５）,ＷＲ２ 只在父本间差异显著（犘＜０．０５）。在材积生长上,巨桉作为父本具有高的一般配合力,Ｔ１×Ｇ２、Ｕ１×Ｐ３具有高的特殊配合力;在抗风指数上,Ｇ１、Ｇ２和Ｐ２作为父本分别对ＷＲ１ 和ＷＲ２ 具有高的一般配合力。材积生长性状受加性基因和显性基因的控制,狭义和广义遗传力分别为０．１４～０．１７ 和０．３０～０．３６;抗风指数受加性基因控制,遗传力为０．１０～０．１１。以尾叶桉为母本的子代材积生长性状遗传力高于细叶桉母本的子代、抗风指数的遗传力高于细叶桉母本的子代;材积生长性状与ＷＲ１ 总体上呈显著正相关（犘＜０．０５）,与ＷＲ２ 呈显著负相关（犘＜０．０５）。     

氮磷钾配施对甘草育苗质量的影响

利用“3414”方案进行N、P、K营养液配方设计,在配方营养液浇灌条件下进行甘草育苗质量比较,旨在探寻适宜甘草育苗的施肥配方,为其测土配方施肥和无土栽培育苗提供依据。结果表明,以纯沙石作为育苗基质,在添加Hoagland营养液条件下,不同N、P、K配比营养液对经98%硫酸处理的甘草种子的出苗质量和幼苗生长发育均具有极显著影响。N₂K₂配比下出苗质量均优于空白对照,且随着施磷水平的提高出苗质量呈下降趋势,出苗质量依次为N₂P₀K₂＞N₂P₁K₂＞N₂P₂K₂＞N₂P₃K₂。而出苗活力依次为N₂P₁K₂＞N₂P₀K₂＞N₂P₂K₂＞N₂P₃K₂。N₂P₂K₂和N₂P₁K₂处理均可极显著提高甘草根系活力,为培育壮苗奠定良好基础。单纯缺N、缺K和过量N、P和K肥均不利于甘草出苗和幼苗的生长发育。以上说明在甘草出苗阶段需P量小,但出苗后开始显示其营养效应。从育苗效益和环境保护双重考虑,配方施肥宜采用N₂P₁K₂,即添加80 mg/L NH₄NO₃、89 mg/L KH₂PO₄和298 mg/L KNO₃作为N、P和K营养源,每隔20 d浇1次。需要注意的是浇灌后应及时喷灌适量水,使氨态氮下渗到底部基质,以避免氨的挥发而灼伤幼苗。