加格达奇市黄芪种植地土壤形态描述及适宜性分析

黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)因其药用价值高近年来被大量、无节制采挖,致使野生黄芪资源几近枯竭。探究黄芪适宜生长的土壤,将为人工驯化黄芪提供一定的科学依据。本研究以加格达奇市连续多年人工种植黄芪的土壤为研究对象,系统分析了2个典型土壤剖面的形态特征及土壤养分。结果表明：表层土壤结构疏松,孔隙度较大,土壤颜色较深,干态为黑棕色,润态为黑色;淀积层及母质层土壤结构坚实,孔隙度较小,土壤颜色随着层次加深,颜色逐渐变黄、变棕。表层土壤质地肥沃,多以壤土为主;表层有机质含量高,分别为122.07、110.09 g/kg,占其整个土壤剖面有机质含量的52%和82%,土壤剖面有机质随土层深度的增加呈现一个骤降的趋势;表层土壤全氮含量较高,分别为6.58、8.87 g/kg,而土壤全磷含量较低,主要分布于土壤表层,表层土壤的全磷含量分别为0.07、1.01 g/kg,土壤酸碱度在pH 5.11~6.35之间。黄芪适应生长土壤质地疏松,土壤温度状况为寒冻性、土壤水分状况为湿润,土壤肥沃,表层土壤有机质含量高,全氮含量也较高,而全磷含量较低,土壤呈弱酸性至中性。     

不同施肥期和施肥量对津川1号产量和食味品质的影响

以天津地区主栽的优质粳型水稻品种‘津川1号’为试验材料,研究施肥期和施氮量对水稻的产量、稻谷的常规品质、米粉的RVA特征值和米饭食味的影响。结果表明,不同施肥期和施氮量对产量,糙米率,垩白率,直链淀粉含量,RVA的峰值黏度、热浆黏度和消减值,米饭食味值各种指标上均有显著差异。在低氮处理和高氮处理中,时期一与其他两个时期相比,产量更高,稻米的碾磨品质、米粉的直链淀粉和蛋白质含量、RVA谱的特征值、米饭的外观和食味等理化指标都更为优异。因此,就‘津川1号’这一品种而言,水稻进入抽穗期应尽早施入穗肥。施肥时期一的产量最高,食味品质最好。     

梨树大棚栽培棚内外温湿度环境变化规律和物候期研究

为梨大棚栽培技术的制定提供参考依据,对梨树大棚栽培棚内外空气温度、空气相对湿度、土壤温度以及梨树物候期的变化特点进行比较。结果显示：（1）随季节的变化,气温和地温均呈逐渐上升趋势, 6月之前棚内气温、相对湿度和地温均高于露地,且昼夜温差大于露地,6月起棚内外温度差异不显著。（2）棚内栽培‘翠冠’和‘黄冠’梨萌芽早,但落叶晚,整个营养生长期分别为242天和231天,分别比露地长27天和37天。（3）大棚栽培的‘翠冠’和‘黄冠’梨开花期比露地皆提早18天,且花期比露地长2天。（4）棚内栽培条件下,‘翠冠’和‘黄冠’梨采收期分别提早13天和14天,而果实发育期比露地分别长5天和4天。研究结果表明,大棚条件下温湿度高,开花期提早,果实成熟期提前,南京地区可进行梨保护地栽培。     

钙增效剂对稻米中钙等矿质元素积累及稻米品质的影响

利用粳稻品种探讨了钙增效剂对稻米中钙及铜、锰、镁、铁、锌积累和品质的影响。试验结果表明,五种钙增效剂对稻米的钙含量都有增加效果,其中活性钙-S钙增效剂的处理稻米中Ca的含量最高,比对照增加54.5%,而且360mg/kg施用浓度效果最好;稻米中的微量元素含量测定表明,不同种类钙增效剂的叶面喷施对稻米中微量元素积累的效果不尽相同,五种钙增剂叶面喷施对稻米中Fe、Mg和 Zn含量有明显增加,而稻米中Mn和Cu的含量反而降低的趋势;经多元回归分析表明,Ca积累与Fe和Mn积累最为密切,呈正相关;Ca含量与稻米中直链淀粉（AC）呈显著正相关、与CPV、SBV、CVS、PAT呈显著负相,其他微量元素与部分品质性状的参数有着密切相关。     

空气温湿度对水稻灌浆及空壳率的影响研究

对1996—2005年10个年份的晚稻孕穗至成熟期的空气温度与相对湿度对水稻空壳率和灌浆影响进行了研究，结果表明：相对湿度对水稻的灌浆速度没有显著影响；灌浆期气温的升高对水稻灌浆速度的增加有显著影响；日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻秕粒率的影响是不显著的；但孕穗期至抽穗开花期日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻空壳率的影响是极显著的。最后对防御高温危害提出了建议。     

高温高湿储藏条件下小麦若干品质性状变化规律的研究

对37℃高温、RH=80%高湿储藏条件下硬质、软质小麦的水分、脂肪酸值、降落值、粘度、湿面筋含量、发芽率和芽重等物理品质性状及过氧化氢酶活动度、过氧化物酶活动度和α-淀粉酶活性等几种生理生化指标的变化规律进行了初步研究和探讨。结果表明,高温高湿条件下,小麦短期储藏后的各种理化品质指标均有不同程度的变化,酶活动度、降落值、脂肪酸值等变化较显著,可以较好地应用于小麦的早期陈化和劣变程度的判断。     

Modification of sugar profiles in California adapted apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) through breeding with Central Asian germplasm

Summary Central Asian apricot germplasm was used in hybridizations with California adapted apricots to increase Brix levels and improve fresh eating quality. Fruit from parental trees, the F₁ hybrid and two backcross families were evaluated for fruit quality traits and analyzed by HPLC for specific sugar content. The F₁ hybrid between Central Asian and California adapted apricots was intermediate to its parents in many of the evaluated characteristics and levels of specific sugars. When the F₁ hybrid was backcrossed to California adapted apricots ‘Lorna’ and ‘Robada,’ the resulting hybrids were diverse in Brix, juice acidity, fruit size and profiles of specific sugars. Glucose: fructose ratios higher that 3.3 were encountered in fruit from five of the 22 analyzed seedlings, and fructose: sorbitol ratio ranged from 0.67 to 6.46. Brix and total sugar content correlated significantly with each other and with both sucrose and glucose. No significant correlations existed between sorbitol and any of the other analyzed sugars, nor with Brix or total sugars. The results demonstrated the extent of sugar profile modification possible in California adapted apricots after just two generations of breeding with Central Asian apricot germplasm.     

DNA profiling and genetic diversity of Korean soybean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> (L.) Merrill) landraces by SSR markers

Approximately 7,000 accessions of Korean soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) landraces, largely composed of three collections, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute’s soybean (KAS), the Korean Crop Experiment Station’s soybean (KLS) and the Korean Agricultural Development and Technology Center’s soybean (KADTC) collections, have been conserved at the Rural Development Administration (RDA) genebank in Korea. The accessions within collections were classified based on their traditional uses such as sauce soybean (SA), sprouted soybean (SP), soybean for cooking with rice (SCR), and OTHERS. A total of 2,758 accessions of Korean soybean landraces were used to profile and to evaluate genetic structure using six SSR loci. A total of 110 alleles were revealed by at the six SSR loci. The number of alleles per SSR locus ranged from 9 to 39 in Satt187 and Satt_074, respectively. The number of alleles ranged from 87 in the KADTC collection to 96 in the KLS collection, and from 63 in the SCR group to 95 in the SP group. Nei’s average genetic diversity ranged from 0.68 to 0.70 across three collections, and 0.64 to 0.69 across the usage groups. The average between-group differentiation (G _st) was 0.9 among collections, and 4.1 among the usage groups. The similar average diversity among three collections implies that the genetic background of the three collections was quite similar or that there were a large number of duplicate accessions in three collections. The selection from the four groups classified based upon usage may be a useful way to select accessions for developing a Korean soybean landrace core collection at the RDA genebank. DNA profile information of accessions will provide indications of redundancies or omissions and aid in managing the soybean collection held at the RDA genebank. The information on diversity analysis could help to enlarge the genetic diversity of materials in breeding programs and could be used to develop a core collection.     

水稻双组分系统基因干旱胁迫表达谱分析

利用全基因组表达芯片,系统分析干旱胁迫条件下水稻双组分信号系统(two component system,TCS)相关基因在其不同发育阶段、不同组织以及抗旱能力不同的株系中的表达谱变化特征.结果表明,双组分信号系统基因在干旱胁迫环境下的表达具明显的时空特异性,表现为不同组织的TCS基因干旱胁迫表达谱差异较大,而同一组织内表达谱相似,其中生殖生长期(幼穗分化期和孕穗期)两个叶片材料中TCS基因表达谱最为接近;与细胞分裂素信号传导负向调控相关的A型应答调控器在旱胁迫下表达下调,而与CK信号传导正向调控相关的B型应答调控器呈现明显上调趋势,推测与干旱胁迫下CK信号传导增强有关,同时乙烯受体基因在干旱胁迫环境下的表达下调,从激素间相互关系的角度更好地印证了上述推测;与拟南芥细胞分裂素受体基因(AHK2、AHK3和AHK5)序列相似的磷酸感应激酶基因HK5和HK3在干旱胁迫下表达上调,与拟南芥中不依赖细胞分裂素的AHK5序列接近的HK6则表达下调,进一步验证上述推测;干旱胁迫下抗旱能力不同的水稻株系其TCS基因表达谱没有明显差异,推测TCS基因差异表达可能源于对干旱胁迫反应,而其表达对抗旱能力的增强还有待进一步研究.     

蛋黄果果园覆盖试验

在云南怒江坝7龄蛋黄果果园进行生草法(种植白喜草、铺地木兰)、覆草法(覆盖玉米秸秆、木豆枝叶)果园覆盖的田间试验,经过2004～2005年试验观察,结果表明果园覆盖处理在最干、热的5～6月,能明显降低果园空气和土壤温度,减小温差,提高相对湿度,生草处理的效应>覆草处理;提高和保持雨后土壤较高的含水量,覆草处理的效应>生草处理;显著提高土壤肥力,覆草处理的效应>生草处理。而观测的环境因素变化,有利于蛋黄果在严重干、热季节的生长发育。