高原沟壑区小流域不同收入水平农户土地经营行为差异研究

通过对高原沟壑区长武王东沟小流域农户的实地调查,对不同收入水平农户土地经营行为的差异作了初步探索。结果表明:收入水平越高,园地比例越大,耕地比例越小;在单位面积园地上的投入量表现为高收入户>低收入户>中收入户,但收入水平越高的农户越注重技术投入;农户收入越高对土地的投入总量占纯收入的比例越小,但对园地的投入占总投入量的比例越高;在粮食作物种植中,高收入户更倾向于对口粮作物进行高投入,中收入户和低收入户对口粮作物和饲料粮作物投入差别不明显。     

不同温度和温湿度组合对米蛾的影响

不同温度处理对米蛾有不同饲养效应。试验结果表明:以26℃饲养米蛾效果最好,幼虫存活率,平均蛹重,平均蛹长,成蛾率,产卵量,繁殖倍数均居首位。25℃和28℃对米蛾的生长发育和生殖产卵均有不利影响,21℃不适合米蛾生长发育的需要。在26℃条件下,采用人工加湿的办法,使相对湿度保持在84％左右,对米蛾生长发育和繁殖均有明显促进作用,各项生物学指标分别达到:幼虫存活率95.8％,平均蛹重31.54毫克.平均蛹长9.64毫米;成蛾率55％,单雌产卵量370粒,群体繁殖倍数达59倍。降低湿度,不但延缓米蛾的发育进度,还直接降低了米蛾的产卵量和繁殖倍数。     

应用多元回归分析方法评价大学生体质水平的研究

本文通过对影响大学生体质水平各因素的多元回归分析指出,影响身体形态水平的主要因素是体重,影响心肺功能的主要因素是1500米,引体向上对身体素质的影响较大。本文还利用多元回归方程,综合9种因素,建立了评价大学生体质水平的等级标准,为正确全面评价大学生体质水平探索出一种新的方法。     

Effect of the Flanking Sequence Architecture of Translation Initiation AUG Codon on Gene Expression Level in Rice

The relationship between the codon usage bias, gene expression level and the AUG context (from -20 to +6 positions relative to the initiator AUG codon) was examined in 541unigene sequences of rice. A significant correlation for CAI values (codon adaptation index) was observed at five nucleotide positions (-19, -18, -9, -4, +5), eight (-19, -18,-14, -9, -6, -4, -1, +5) for CPP (codon preference parameter), and seven (-18, -16, -15,-9, -7, -1, + 6) for mRNA abundance in the flanking sequence of the initiator AUG codon respectively, but a significantly positive correlation for both CAI and CPP at two positions (-4 and +5), indicating that both those positions are evolutionally under the natural selection constraint at the translational level. By site-directed mutagenesis at seven specific positions (-18, -16, -15, -9, -7, -1 and + 6) for allergenic protein that had the highest mRNA abundance in this study, its expression level decreased dramatically 63.3 and 72.5% respectively, indicating the importance of those 7 positions for gene expression. A highly positive correlation (r= 0.625, P＜ 0.01) between AUGCAI and GC content in the flanking sequence of the initiator AUG codon showed a more effective higher GC content on translation initiation efficiency. The strong preference for G or C at those 8 positions (-6, -5, -3, -2, -1, +4, +5 and +6) in the AUG context suggested that an important factor in modulation of the translation efficiency, as well as synonymous codon usage bias, particularly in highly expressed genes.     

杭州城市园林绿化对小气候的影响

进行了园林绿化对气温和相对湿度的影响研究,结果表明,在杭州的夏季,经过园林绿化后,气温能降低0.7℃、最高可降2.3℃、相对湿度提高4%、最高可达15%;冬季阴雨天气时没有降温作用.没有绿化的主街是个热源,经过绿化的小区比主街低0.6℃.良好的行道树具有降温作用,能降低0.5～1℃,相对湿度提高4%.不同的植物类型降温作用有差别,总的说来,树冠高大、枝叶浓密的降温作用大,乔木的降温作用大于草坪.植物表面的温度低于人工下垫面,夏季可降低4～8℃.在晴朗的夏季绿化降温作用比较明显.     

日光温室空气降湿装置的设计与应用

依据物质相变能量变化的原理 ,设计了日光温室内空气降湿装置。该装置能有效地降低日光温室内空气的相对湿度 ,对提高日光温室的生产效益有较大作用。装置简单易行 ,适合小规模的单栋温室使用     

Effect of soil pH on the sorption capacity of soil organic matter for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in unsaturated soils

Sorption by soil organic matter (SOM) is considered the most important process affecting the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs)in soil.The sorption capacity of SOM for HOCs is affected by many environmental factors.In this study,we investigated the effects of soil pH and water saturation level on HOC sorption capacity of SOM using batch sorption experiments.Values of soil organic carbon-water partition coefficient (K_OC) of six selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocar...     

Limited genotype- and ploidy-related variation in the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Abstract

Water-soluble carbohydrates and fibre fractions are important traits that influence forage utilization by the ruminant. Little is known about the quality variation among perennial ryegrass genotypes within the same maturity group or between near-isogenic diploids and tetraploids. The current study was carried out in the form of two experiments on two successive years (2006–2007) in three sites in Northern Germany. The main aim was to investigate the variation in nutritive value that could be attributed to differences in maturity among 20 intermediate heading perennial ryegrass genotypes or to differences in ploidy between near-isogenic diploids and tetraploids. Results of the first experiment revealed significant variation among the 20 tested genotypes in the investigated quality parameters that were consistent with the discovered variation in the maturity of the genotypes determined in terms of their Mean Stage by Count (MSC). In the second experiment, few but consistent significant differences were detected between near-isogenic diploids and tetraploids. The tetraploid derivatives had always significantly higher water-soluble carbohydrate content and lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) than their near-isogenic diploid parents.     

The decomposition of turfgrass clippings is fast at high air humidity and moderate temperature

Abstract

In grassland areas where herbage production has no economic value, the cut grass is often left on the sward surface where its decomposition is influenced by weather conditions. Although the influence of temperature and humidity on decomposition has been investigated under controlled lab conditions, experimentation has generally been under ideal moisture conditions that have not tested the combinations of climatic limitations that might occur in the field. The decomposition of mown turfgrass clippings deposited at different times of vegetation period was studied in situ using nylon bags during the first 8 weeks after deposition to investigate the effect of weather conditions (the air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation) on decomposition. Decomposition is the highest in the case of high air humidity and temperature of 10°C. Limiting factors for decomposition at temperatures above 10°C is the air humidity and below 10°C the air temperature. The general tendency was that the rate of decomposition increased with increasing air temperature up to 10°C, but with further increases of air temperature the decomposition rate slowed down. Relative air humidity had a variable impact (at the beginning of the decomposition process (weeks 1–2) the influence was negative, during weeks 3–8 of the decomposition process the effect was positive), and hence had no generalized relationship with decomposition over the studied decomposition period (weeks 1–8). The most significant influence of weather conditions on the decomposition rate was recorded directly after cutting. If the cutting was done during hot weather conditions, the material was drying fast and therefore decomposed slowly. Our results indicate that for fast decomposition of clippings it is important to maintain the freshness of material. Lower decomposition rates occurred during conditions of hot and dry weather, and also cooler (temperature near to 0°C) weather, and can be compensated as soon as favourable weather arrives.     

Assessing the response of dryland barley yield to climate variability in semi-arid regions,Iran

Precipitation and temperature are the most abiotic factors that greatly impact the yield of crop, particularly in dryland. Barley, as the main cereal is predominantly cultivated in dryland and the livelihood of smallholders depends on the production of this crop, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aimed to investigate the response of the grain yield of dryland barley to temperature and precipitation variations at annual, seasonal and monthly scales in seven counties of East and West Azerbaijan provinces in northwestern Iran during 1991-2010. Humidity index (HI) was calculated and its relationship with dryland barley yield was evaluated at annual and monthly scales. The results showed that the minimum, maximum and mean temperatures increased by 0.19°C/a, 0.11°C/a and 0.10°C/a, respectively, while annual precipitation decreased by 0.80 mm/a during 1991-2010. Climate in study area has become drier by 0.22/a in annual HI during the study period. Negative effects of increasing temperature on the grain yield of dryland barley were more severe than the positive effects of increasing precipitation. Besides, weather variations in April and May were related more to the grain yield of dryland barley than those in other months. The grain yield of dryland barley was more drastically affected by the variation of annual minimum temperature comparing with other weather variables. Furthermore, our findings illustrated that the grain yield of dryland barley increased by 0.01 t/hm² for each unit increase in annual HI during 1991-2010. Finally, any increase in the monthly HI led to crop yield improvement in the study area, particularly in the drier counties, i.e., Myaneh, Tabriz and Khoy in Iran.