放牧对草甸草原土壤水热状况和地上生物量的影响

本文以呼伦贝尔草甸草原为对象,研究了不同放牧强度对草原群落土壤水热状况和地上生物量的影响,旨在揭示二者之间的相互关系。研究结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,生长季平均土壤温度呈逐渐上升的趋势;放牧对群落3个组份[羊草（Leymus chinensis）、贝加尔针茅（Stipa baicalensis）、杂类草]生物量和相对优势度产生影响。其中,羊草地上生物量和优势度随着放牧强度的增加显著线性降低,而贝加尔针茅和杂类草的生物量与优势度均在中度放牧处理下最高。土壤含水量与羊草生物量显著正相关,与杂类草生物量负相关,而与贝加尔针茅生物量间的关系极弱。本研究为完善放牧优化理论,揭示放牧在草地生态系统功能过程中的梯度效应提供了一个较为重要的研究线索,为草地放牧优化管理制度的确立提供了一定的科学依据。     

Oral administration of L-citrulline changes the concentrations of plasma hormones and biochemical profile in heat-exposed broilers

We examined the effects of oral administration of L-citrulline (L-Cit) on plasma metabolic hormones and biochemical profile in broilers. Food intake, water intake, and body temperature were also analyzed. After dual oral administration (20 mmol/head/administration) of L-Cit, broilers were exposed to a high ambient temperature (HT; 30 ± 1°C) chamber for 120 min. Oral administration of L-Cit reduced (p < .001) rectal temperature in broilers. Food intake was increased (p < .05) by heat stress, but it was reduced (p < .05) by L-Cit. Plasma levels of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, which initially increased (p < .0001) due to heat stress, were reduced (p < .01) by oral administration of L-Cit. Plasma insulin levels were increased by heat exposure (p < .01) and oral L-Cit (p < .05). Heat stress caused a decline (p < .05) in plasma thyroxine. Plasma lactic acid (p < .05) and non-esterified fatty acids (p < .01) were increased in L-Cit-treated heat-exposed broilers. In conclusion, our results suggest that oral L-Cit can modulate plasma concentrations of major metabolic hormones and reduces food intake in broilers.     

奶牛高产养殖技术要点分析

随着人民物质生活水平的不断提升,畜禽产品的需求量也在不断增大,奶牛产业作为畜牧业的重要组成部分,是农牧民增产、增收的重要途径。奶牛饲养过程中,泌乳量的多少直接影响奶牛养殖场（户）的经济效益,如何让奶牛充分发挥其泌乳性能一直是奶牛养殖过程中需要解决的问题。本文在阐述高产奶牛生产特点的基础上,从多个角度分析了奶牛高产养殖技术的要点,为奶牛养殖场（户）正确进行饲养和管理,充分发挥奶牛生产性能提供理论基础。     

Interrelationship of soil moisture and temperature to sylvatic plague cycle among prairie dogs in the Western United States

Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, is a flea-borne disease that is endemic in areas throughout the world due to its successful maintenance in a sylvatic cycle, mainly in areas with temperate climates. Burrowing rodents are thought to play a key role in the enzootic maintenance as well as epizootic outbreaks of plague. In the United States, prairie dogs (Cynomys), rodents (Muridae), and ground squirrels (Spermophilus) are susceptible to infection and are parasitized by fleas that transmit plague. In particular, prairie dogs can experience outbreaks that rapidly spread, which can lead to extirpation of colonies. A number of ecological parameters, including climate, are associated with these epizootics. In this study, we asked whether soil parameters, primarily moisture and temperature, are associated with outbreaks of plague in black-tailed prairie dogs and Gunnison's prairie dogs in the Western United States, and at what depth these associations were apparent. We collected publicly available county-level information on the occurrence of population declines or colony extirpation, while historical soil data was collected from SCAN and USCRN stations in counties and states where prairie dogs have been located. The analysis suggests that soil moisture at lower depths correlates with colony die-offs, in addition to temperature near the surface, with key differences within the landscape ecology that impact the occurrence of plague. Overall, the model suggests that the burrow environment may play a significant role in the epizootic spread of disease amongst black-tailed and Gunnison's prairie dogs.     

微灌地膜的节水保墒增温效应研究

在实验基础上 ,分析论述了微灌地膜的节水效果和增温保墒效应。试验结果表明 ,微灌地膜可比地面灌溉节水 61 % ,增加地温 3℃～ 6℃ ,近地面空气相对湿度提高 3 0 %～ 40 % ,综合效应明显。可供微灌地膜或膜下微灌的进一步研究设计参考     

地温空调井抽回灌效果影响关键因子识别

为了探析引起地温空调井抽回灌效果的主要制约因素,通过单相关系数分析、主成分绝对得分的源解析模型、拟合度检验和多元线性回归的方法分析影响单井回灌效率的影响因素。结果表明:井径、滤水管孔隙率及抽回灌井数比与单井回灌效率的相关性和拟合度较好,故将井径、滤水管孔隙率及抽回灌井数比作为影响单井回灌效率的关键因子,同时分析了单井回灌效率与关键因子的之间的拟合方程及多元线性回归方程,得到了单井回灌效率与关键因子之间的定量关系。     

水头可调薄壁堰式渠道流量智能测控系统优化试验研究

采用巴赞堰流公式计算流量的水头可调薄壁堰式渠道流量智能测控系统通过渠道流量量测与控制试验,验证了其精准的测流功能和智能控制技术的可行性。为进一步提高该测控系统运行的效率和稳定性,减少运行能耗,对矩形薄壁堰堰流公式进行水力试验研究,通过分析堰上水头和流量关系,拟合出矩形薄壁堰流量计算公式。通过向该拟合公式引入修正系数λ=0.848,将测控系统测得的堰上水头数据值代入该拟合公式求得的流量值与电磁流量计测得流量值的差值的平均值为-0.004L/s,标准差为0.119,线性相关系数R2=0.989 1。该拟合公式相对于巴赞堰流公式形式简单、参数较少、运算简便,同时也满足节水灌溉对精准测流的要求,更适用于水头可调薄壁堰式渠道流量智能测控系统,对于在灌区推广和使用该测控系统具有重要的意义。     

低温条件下组合式生态浮床系统净化微污染水体的特性研究

为研究低温对生态浮床水质净化效果的影响,引入陶粒作为浮床的基质,构筑了美人蕉-陶粒基质组合式生态浮床系统,研究在低温条件下其对微污染水体水质净化的效果特性。结果表明,在进水温度为0.5~15℃,进水DO浓度为4.94~6.65mg/L,水体交换时间为7d下,该生态浮床系统对水体中NH+4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N、TN、COD和色度的平均去除率为36.30%、77.37%、50.34%、52.56%、16.89%和70.99%。当水体的温度低于5.0℃,该生态浮床系统对水体中NH+4-N、NO-2-N、TN、COD和色度的去除效果均有所下降。     

玉米秸秆残茬覆盖对大豆田土壤水温效应的影响

研究了传统耕作、玉米原垄留茬耕作、玉米原垄留茬全覆盖、玉米留茬条带覆盖、浅松覆盖和深松覆盖6种耕作方式下土壤含水率、棵间蒸发量和地温的变化。结果表明,条带覆盖对大豆不同生育期土壤剖面含水率影响最大;其他耕作方式对棵间蒸发的抑制作用均小于传统耕作;日平均地温在苗期变化明显;保护性耕作对日平均地温影响较大,传统耕作最高,留茬全覆盖最低。     

响应面法优化杜仲叶提取物的制备工艺

优化杜仲叶提取物制备的工艺条件,在单因素试验基础上,以杜仲叶提取物浸膏得率和绿原酸转移率为评价指标,采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计法优化杜仲叶提取物制备的工艺条件。杜仲叶提取物制备的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度500mL/L,液料比10∶1(mL/g),提取温度97℃,提取4次,每次30min;在此最佳工艺条件下,杜仲叶提取物浸膏得率和绿原酸转移率综合评分均值为99.08,与预测值基本一致。响应面法(RSM)优化的杜仲叶提取物制备工艺稳定可靠。