高通量筛选差异表达基因技术及其在家畜中的应用

差异表达基因筛选技术是研究生物重要经济性状相关基因或抗病相关基因的有力工具。作者总结了近年来发展起来的几种高通量筛选差异表达基因的技术,并对其原理、流程及在家畜中的应用作了简要介绍。     

小麦 TaGF14m基因的克隆及其盐胁迫响应分析

14-3-3蛋白家族在真核生物中广泛存在且高度保守,可结合多种靶蛋白参与植物代谢、发育以及胁迫响应等多种生理过程和信号途径。 TaGF14m基因是14-3-3基因家族成员之一。本研究以中国春为材料,对其进行了克隆和分析,并通过在拟南芥中过表达,分析该基因在盐胁迫下的功能。结果表明, TaGF14m基因含有5个外显子和4个内含子,开放阅读框为789 bp,编码262个氨基酸;小麦幼苗叶片中 TaGF14m基因在盐胁迫下上调表达;与野生型拟南芥相比,过表达 TaGF14m的转基因拟南芥在盐胁迫下生长受到明显抑制,根长也显著变短;SOS途径相关基因表达分析显示, TaGF14m基因可能通过SOS途径负调控盐胁迫耐受性。     

441千瓦双船底拖网网口高度与网口周长的关系

本文报道了１９８６￣１９９２年期间对４４１ｋＷ渔船使用的１顶度拖网网口高度的海上实测结果。结果表明：网口高度是网口拉直周长的５．５￣７．３％。两者的关系可用经验公式表示为：Ｈ＝０．２６０９Ｌ＾０．７３４４。     

李氏杆菌研究进展

李氏杆菌病是一种重要的人畜共患传染病 ,主要由单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌引起 ,呈世界性分布。文章回顾了李氏杆菌的分离鉴定、培养、分型等生物学特性以及与其毒力有关的基因功能方面的研究进展 ,着重就该病诊断和检测的重要性以及 EL ISA和 PCR检测方法进行了概述 ,同时对该病的免疫预防和今后的研究重点进了探讨     

Improvement of durum wheat-plant type,yield potential,and adaptation

Summary Improvement of durum wheat at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) was achieved by exploiting the variability of the tetraploid species in large numbers of combinations, and multi-location testing of germplasm on a world wide base. High yielding, widely adapted durums with short straw, good fertility, and adequate earliness were selected for distribution to major durum growing countries. Present attempts to improve durum wheat are directed at adjusting agronomic traits such as leaf angle and straw strength, and increasing spike fertility and spike size, thereby reaching higher grain numbers per unit area and higher yield potential. Diversification of the developmental pattern and incorporation of drought tolerance aim at further widening adaptation.     

调环酸钙-青鲜素复配剂对甜高粱株高和倒伏的影响

选用甜高粱品种原甜1号,在拔节后第20天叶面喷施一次调环酸钙-青鲜素复配剂,设2.6、5.2和10.4mg/m23个处理,研究了不同用量调环酸钙-青鲜素复配剂对甜高粱株高和倒伏的影响.试验结果表明,处理后14 d内复配剂处理植株高度和日生长量显著下降;甜高梁在开花前倒伏率显著降低,10.4 mg/m2处理倒伏率比对照降低了70.9%.各复配剂处理使植株后期生长出现反弹,灌浆期植株倒伏率增加,达到52%～65%,与对照无显著差异.根倒伏是对照区植株主要倒伏类型,茎倒伏是复配剂处理植株主要倒伏类型.     

施肥对柚木目标树土壤理化性质及其胸径生长的影响

采用L₈（4×2⁴）正交设计开展复合肥、尿素、P₂O₅、生石灰和施肥方式的组合试验;分别于0～20（上层）和20～40（下层）cm取样测定土壤理化性质,分析施肥对49 a生柚木目标树胸径生长和土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：处理组合0～20 cm土层的pH值、土壤的含水率、容重、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效氮、有效磷和有效钾分别为5.01～5.59、21.5%～26.9%、1.59～1.71 g/m³、23.08～32.89 g/kg、0.123%～0.164%、0.078%～0.173%、1.00%～1.33%、113.5～140.6、10.63～97.09、163～453 mg/kg,0～40 cm的则是4.91～5.41、22.5%～29.5%、1.67～1.79 g/m³、18.57～23.52 g/kg、0.097%～0.122%、0.066%～0.136%、1.02%～1.59%、79.8～154.6、5.9～65.7、121～657 mg/kg;其胸径增长率为4.22%～5.39%,对照仅3.09%。0～20 cm的有机质、全氮、有效氮和有效钾显著或极显著地高于20～40 cm的;土壤的理化性质间呈现复杂的相关性。影响胸径生长的主导因子为复合肥;柚木胸径增长率与土壤全钾和20～40 cm的全氮含量呈极显著和显著的正相关,土壤施肥促进柚木生长,其人工林抚育经营必须关注土壤养分管理。     

霍山石斛HMGR基因的克隆及其定量表达分析

获得甲羟戊酸生物合成途径中的关键酶基因——3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶基因的信息是确定该基因与倍半萜类石斛碱含量相关性的重要基础工作。本研究采用RT-PCR结合RACE技术,以霍山石斛原球茎为材料,克隆得到霍山石斛HMGR基因的全长c DNA序列,其在Gen Bank中的登录号为KF011508。HMGR基因全长2 240 bp,包含144 bp的5′-UTR,407 bp的3′-UTR(含poly A),开放阅读框为1 689 bp,共编码562个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明:该蛋白可能是定位于细胞质的一种疏水性不稳定蛋白,无信号肽,不含卷曲螺旋结构,具有14个功能位点、27个磷酸化位点,其二级结构由α螺旋、β折叠和无规则卷曲组成。系统进化树分析表明,该基因与黄姜HMGR基因亲缘关系最近,聚为同一类,主要负责催化萜类化合物生物合成途径中的辅酶A和甲羟戊酸的生成。q PCR结果显示:霍山石斛HMGR基因在茎中的表达量最高,而根中的表达量最低。     

The effect of hindclaw height differential and subsequent trimming on lameness in large dairy cattle herds in Canterbury,New Zealand

Abstract

AIMS: To determine if inequality in height between claws within each hindlimb of dairy cattle is a risk factor for the development of lameness and to determine the effect of preventive trimming of these claws on the subsequent risk of lameness.

METHODS: Cows (n=2,695) on three dairy farms in Canterbury, New Zealand, were examined and the height differential between their hind claws on each limb was measured. Cows were blocked by age, then breed and grouped by height differential, before being randomly assigned to either treatment or control groups. Cows in the control group were not trimmed, whilst cows in the treatment group were all trimmed according to the ‘Dutch Trimming’ method by an experienced foot trimmer. All subsequent clinical incidences of lameness were identified, recorded and classified according to five categories. The overall incidence of lameness, the effect of claw height differential on the incidence of lameness and the effect of trimming on the incidence of lameness were assessed using both GEE modelling and survival analysis.

RESULTS: The incidence of lameness identified in any untrimmed hindlimb irrespective of diagnosis, measured at a limb level and assessing the first incidence of lameness only, was 10.0% for a 6-month period from November to drying off. The predominant lesion identified was white line disease (WLD; 7.9% incidence and 78.6% of all lameness). The overall incidence of hindlimb lameness measured at cow level for the same period was 14.5%. The risk of lameness was influenced by breed (p=0.016), age (p=0.002) and claw height differential (p=0.026). There were no significant interactions. The risk of lameness was lowest where the claw height differential was 0–2 mm. The incidence of lameness in the first 70 days following trimming was higher in older cows than in younger cows (p<0.001). Trimming did not affect lameness incidence (p=0.185). The Cox proportional hazard model demonstrated that farm (p<0.001), trimming group (p=0.021); and age (p=0.021) significantly affected the median days to lameness in the first 70 days following trimming.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hind feet with lower height differentials between claws had a lower incidence of lameness. Trimming of these feet to remove the height differential did not reduce their overall incidence of lameness, but did increase days to first lameness.