Diurnal and individual variations in bile acids in the plasma of normal dairy cows

Blood samples were collected every 2 h during a 24 h period from 6 cows of one herd and 10 cows of another herd. In a third herd 9 cows were sampled every 2 h from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. Concentrations of total bile acids, acetoacetate, glucose and free fatty acids were determined in blood plasma. A marked difference in individual bile acid concentrations and patterns of diurnal variation was found. For most cows the highest bile acid values were observed between 2 and 6 a.m. (overall mean (+/- SD) at 6 a.m.: 104 +/- 84 mumol/l, range: 20-307 mumol/l). Fourteen cows with a bile acid value greater than 90 mumol/l at 6 a.m. ("high BA") were characterized as a group by showing a pronounced decrease in the mean bile acid concentration after morning feeding. In the group of 11 cows with a 6 a.m. bile acid value less than 90 mumol/l ("low BA") the time of day did not contribute significantly to the bile acid variation. For the "high BA" group a nearly synchronous variation between the mean values of the 3 feeding dependent parameters (acetoacetate, glucose and free fatty acids) and the mean values of bile acids was found. The within animal coefficients of correlation between bile acids and the feeding dependent parameters were significantly higher in the "high BA" group than in the "low BA" group. No direct connection was found between bile acid levels and the quantity of concentrates fed or the individual milk yield.     

Trichoderma harzianum produces nonanoic acid, an inhibitor of spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens

An isolate of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai from an infected cacao pod produces and secretes nonanoic (pelargonic) acid into a liquid culture medium. Nonanoic acid (NA) was very inhibitory to spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens, Crinipellis perniciosa Stahel and Moniliophthora roreri Cif. H.C. Evans. It was highly active causing 75% inhibition of spore germination in an in vitro assay at a rate as low as 0.09 μM for M. roreri and 0.92 μM for C. perniciosa. Mycelial growth was comparatively less sensitive to inhibition, but still there was a 75% reduction in growth with 0.62 μM in M. roreri and 151 μM NA in C. perniciosa. In contrast, NA did not affect Trichoderma mycelial growth or spore germination at concentrations that were inhibitory to the pathogens. 6-pentyl-α-pyrone was also produced and secreted into the medium by T. harzianum, however; it was not antagonistic to the cacao pathogens. Although a number of metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. have been identified in the past, this is the first report of NA production and secretion by any Trichoderma. The results suggest that NA may play a role in the successful use of some Trichoderma spp. isolates in the biocontrol of fungal diseases of plants.     

花粉多糖注射剂质量标准中几个项目测定

根据中国药典对注射剂的要求,对花粉多糖的蛋白质、鞣质、树脂、草酸盐、炽灼残渣、钾离子、砷盐、重金属含量进行测定,均符合规定,达到质量标准。     

不同营养水平对种公鸡新城疫抗体水平的影响

研究选择21周龄新扬州鸡种公鸡135只,随机分成9组。采用两因子析因设计,分别设粗蛋白质水平为17%、14%和11%,钙水平为3.3%、2.3%和1.3%,构成9种日粮处理。比较在繁殖期全程饲喂不同粗蛋白质和钙水平日粮对种公鸡新城疫水平的影响,结果表明:日粮粗蛋白质水平对免疫后15、30天公鸡体内的抗体水平有显著影响(P<0.05),对免疫90天的水平有极显著影响(P<0.01);日粮钙对免疫后30天的抗体水平有极显著的影响(P<0.01);二者的交互作用对它影响不显著(P>0.05);低蛋白低钙组抗体水平显著高于高蛋白高钙组(P<0.05)。     

Tall oil fatty acid inclusion in the diet improves performance and increases ileal density of lactobacilli in broiler chickens

1. Studies were conducted with tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) to determine their effect on broiler chicken performance and ileal microbiota. TOFA, a product originating from coniferous trees and recovered by fractional distillation of side-streams from pulp production, mainly comprises free long-chain fatty acids (~90%) and resin acids (~8%). Conjugated linolenic acids and pinolenic acid are characteristic fatty acid components of TOFA.

2. TOFA products at 750 mg/kg feed were tested in two 35-day broiler chicken trials, each using a wheat soya-based diet and with 12 replicate pens per treatment. In both trials, TOFA improved body weight gain at all time points (P < 0.001) and feed conversion efficiency during the first 21 days (P < 0.01). Two different dry TOFA formulations (silica carrier and palm oil coating) were tested and showed performance effects similar to liquid TOFA.

3. Ileal digesta of the broiler chickens was analysed for total eubacteria, Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens on days 14 and 35. TOFA significantly increased total eubacteria and lactobacilli density on day 14 (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between these bacterial groups and broiler body weight on day 14 (P < 0.01).

4. A numerical reduction in C. perfringens was observed. In vitro growth inhibition studies showed that C. perfringens was strongly inhibited by 10 mg/l TOFA (P < 0.001), while common lactobacilli were resistant to >250 mg/l. The in vitro results were thus in line with in vivo observations.

5. The mechanisms behind the bacterial shifts and their role in performance improvement are unknown. Further purification of TOFA components is needed to identify the effective agents.     

不同调酸剂对种植玉米红壤微生物群落的影响

为研究红壤微生物丰度和群落组成对不同调酸剂的响应,分析影响碳/氮关键代谢过程微生物的变化,通过盆栽实验,设置不施肥（CK）、钙镁复合剂（L）、钙镁复合剂配施猪粪（ML）和钙镁复合剂配施秸秆（SL）4个处理,采用宏基因组测序技术,分析土壤细菌、真菌和古菌以及碳/氮代谢关键过程微生物。结果表明：L、ML和SL处理显著提高土壤pH值和交换性钙/镁,显著降低土壤交换性酸。调酸剂增加了细菌优势菌中的变形菌门相对丰度,降低了绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度;降低了真菌优势菌中的毛霉菌门相对丰度;增加了古菌优势菌中的广古菌门和深古菌门的相对丰度,降低了奇古菌门的相对丰度。冗余分析结果显示,速效钾是影响土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的主要环境因子,土壤pH和有机碳是影响土壤真菌和古菌群落结构组成的关键因子。碳代谢过程的贡献度方面,变形菌门的贡献度在SL处理中最高,放线菌门和芽单胞菌门的贡献度在ML处理中最高。氮代谢过程中,各处理绿弯菌门对硝化作用的贡献率均超过80%。调酸降低了绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门在反硝化与硝酸盐异化还原过程中的贡献度,L与SL处理的变形菌门贡献度低于ML处理,而ML处理的放线菌门贡献度高于L与SL处...     

跨膜蛋白VRAC的结构及生物学功能研究进展

跨膜蛋白是一类位于细胞膜上的重要蛋白质,对于维持细胞稳态和调节细胞的生长发育具有关键作用,因此一直受到广泛研究。本文将介绍一种重要的跨膜蛋白——体积调节阴离子通道（Volume Regulated Anion Channel, VRAC）,并全面综述其分子结构特征和多个生理功能,旨在为后续研究工作提供参考。     

外源阿魏酸抑制鲜切苹果褐变机制研究

苹果在鲜切过程中易因遭受机械损伤而引发褐变,严重影响其感官品质、风味和商品价值。采用不同浓度外源阿魏酸溶液对鲜切‘红富士’苹果进行浸泡处理,以研究其抑制鲜切苹果褐变的机制。结果表明：1、5、8、10 g/L 的阿魏酸浸泡处理均能有效抑制鲜切苹果褐变,10 g/L 阿魏酸浸泡处理10 min 对鲜切苹果褐变的抑制效果最优;10 g/L 阿魏酸处理显著提高了鲜切苹果超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基、2,2-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）阳离子自由基的清除率,抑制了贮藏后期多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,降低了表儿茶素等单一酚的含量,提高了对香豆酸的含量;添加5 mg/mL 表儿茶素会促进苹果浆液褐变,而添加5、10、20、40 mg/mL 对香豆酸均能抑制苹果浆液褐变。综上所述,外源阿魏酸处理可通过提高SOD 活性、抗氧化能力、内源褐变抑制物含量以及降低褐变底物含量来减轻鲜切苹果褐变。