秦巴山区茶毛虫生活规律研究

秦巴山区茶区茶毛虫一年发生二代,以卵块越冬,卵粒量一般在100～200粒,幼虫具群集生活,3～4龄有在茶丛两侧分布的习性。成虫羽化有明显节律,约67.8％的成虫在17～19时羽化。在自然情况下,茶毛虫成虫雌虫数量多于雄虫,约占70％。本文还报道了茶毛虫成虫消长规律,幼虫适宜生境及天敌对茶毛虫发生为害的影响。     

水生生物的生态毒理学研究程序

个体、种群、群落、生态系统是水生态毒理学研究的 4个层次 ,实验系统的复杂性也按此顺序增加。本研究总结了这 4个层次的毒性评价方法。无疑 ,高层次的研究结果准确性更高 ,但若在较低层次即便是在个体水平上能证实污染物的安全性 ,就没有必要再做更多工作。根据这些年的研究 ,由于污染物的亚致死影响越来越普遍 ,故有毒影响的可恢复性及恢复速度在危险性评价中就显得更为重要。另外一点是必须关注污染物间因相互作用对毒性效应及其恢复的影响。最后由于实验室条件与田间实际情况存在差异 ,故所有实验结果都必须经实际检验     

How biotechnology regulation sets a risk/ethics boundary

In public debate over agricultural biotechnology, at issue hasbeen its self-proclaimed aim of further industrializingagriculture. Using languages of risk, critics and proponentshave engaged in an implicit ethics debate on the direction oftechnoscientific development. Critics have challenged thebiotechnological R&D agenda for attributing socio-agronomicproblems to genetic deficiencies, while perpetuating the hazardsof intensive monoculture. They diagnosed ominous links betweentechnological dependency and tangible harm from biotechnologyproducts.In response to scientific and public concerns, theEuropean Community enacted precautionary legislation for theintentional release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Inits implementation, choices for managing and investigatingbiotechnological risk involve an implicit environmental ethics.Yet the official policy language downplays the inherent valuejudgments, by portraying risk regulation as a matter ofobjective science.In parallel with safety regulation, thestate has devised an official bioethics that judges where todraw the line in applying biotechnological knowledge, as ifthe science itself were value-free. Bioethics may also judge howto balance risks and benefits, as if their definition were notan issue. This form of ethics serves to compensate for theunacknowledged value-choices and institutional commitmentsalready embedded in R&D priorities.Thus the state separatesrisk and ethics, while assigning both realms to specialists.The risk/ethics boundary encourages public deference to theexpert assessments of both safety regulators and professionalethicists. Biotechnology embodies a contentious model of controlover nature and society, yet this issue becomes displaced andfragmented into various administrative controls. At stake arethe prospects for democratizing the problem-definitions thatguide R&D priorities.     

海洋生物体中痕量砷消解方法的优化

建立了以微波预消解后湿法消解的生物消解方法,通过氢化物发生原子荧光光度法,测定了海洋生物样品中痕量砷,并研究了不同消解液体系对海洋生物体中痕量砷的消解效率的影响。结果表明:采用先微波消解预消解后湿法消解相结合的消解方法对海洋生物体中砷的消解,具有消解效率高、消解剂消耗少、操作简单、快捷等优点;采用硝酸-硫酸-高氯酸消解液体系消解生物中痕量砷的回收率与稳定性优于用硝酸-硫酸消解液体系与硝酸-高氯酸消解液体系消解的生物样品。     

Demographic consequences of adaptive growth and the ramifications for conservation of long-lived organisms

Understanding how organisms respond to human impacts is increasingly challenging biologists. Short-lived organisms can adapt rapidly to changes in environmental hazards, but only recently have long-lived organisms been shown to adapt to human impacts. Changes in any life-history trait, such as individual growth rates, may affect demographic model predictions and reliability of elasticity analyses that are often used to help manage and conserve long-lived organisms. The aim of this study was to test model predictions of the effect of increased recruitment and density-dependent processes to manage populations of long-lived turtles in two continents. We explored how human-induced changes in juvenile density affect population growth estimates and the strength of selection on stage-based life-history traits. Model projections undervalued the potential effect of an increase in nest survival. Sensitivity calculations indicated greatest selection intensities for juvenile growth or maturation, whereas elasticity analyses indicated that changes in adult survival have the largest proportional effect on population fitness. Long-term use of the locality of our North American population as a recreational site may have increased adult mortality of turtles and reduced the number of nest predators, inducing rapid individual growth and early maturation. The traditional static view of turtle life history and demography thus is inappropriate even over relatively short periods of time. Anthropogenically-induced changes in demographic processes can potentially induce adaptive changes to life-history processes, which can seriously impact the reliability of long-term projections from common demographic models. Management practices must account for this dynamism accordingly.     

城市河流污染水体生物生态修复技术研究

生物-生态修复技术是修复城市河流污染水体的一种有效方法,具有投资省、效率高和持续时间长等优点。笔者对现有生物-生态修复技术的优点和种类进行了探讨。     

真菌对有机磷农药生物降解的研究进展

利用微生物对有机磷农药进行生物降解,是修复生态环境的可行之策。笔者从降解有机磷农药的真菌种类、降解机理和基因工程菌构建等方面对近年来国内外的研究成果做了全面的综述。最后,根据现有的研究状况和研究中存在的问题,对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

双酰胺类杀虫剂环境风险问题浅析

双酰胺类杀虫剂是一类优势明显的新型杀虫剂,防效卓越,持效期长,且与传统农药无交互抗性。然而,这类高生物活性杀虫剂的缺点也很明显:对环境中特定种类的非靶标生物毒性很高,在环境介质中的残留期很长,对生态系统的潜在风险较高。本文综述了双酰胺类杀虫剂的主要品种及其作用特点,国内外登记情况,及其对环境生物的生态毒理学研究进展等。双酰胺类杀虫剂对水生无脊椎动物、家蚕的潜在风险,乃至脊椎动物(鸟类、鱼类)的慢性风险均有待进一步开展深入研究与评估。同时,今后应继续加强双酰胺类农药使用后的环境风险监测,在发挥杀虫优势的同时避免或减少其对生态环境的污染和破坏。     

Comprehensive Control of Harmful Gases in Gob of Boundary Pillar Working Face

边界煤柱回采工作面采空区内有害气体具有来源难以确定和不断随生产活动涌出的特点,通过对有害气体参数及时进行安全监测,并结合矿井通风系统、工作面回采速度、采空区遗煤自燃等情况进行有害气体来源综合分析,并引入通风网路增压调节技术理论,选择通风增压、增阻堵漏和灌浆隔离等有害气体综合防治技术方案,有效地控制了采空区有害气体的大量涌出,确保回采工作面安全生产。     

A survey of contaminated ground with illustrative case histories

Contaminated ground represents a problem in all the industrialized countries of the world. Contaminated ground may give rise to hazards and that implies a degree of risk which also involves a problem of definition. The investigation of a site which is suspected of being contaminated differs somewhat from a routine site investigation. Sampling of soils, groundwater and gas producing material may be required. Various precautions may be necessary in doing this and operatives may have to wear protective clothing. The first case history considered involves a site investigation for a relief sewer in Glasgow, Scotland. As the site investigation progressed it ran into made‐ground which contained chemical waste. The presence of this waste meant that the nature of the investigation changed and much more stringent safety precautions had to be taken. It also meant that the initial location of the sewer tunnel had to be repositioned at greater depth in uncontaminated sandstone rather than in the superficial deposits above. Two further case histories associated with coal mining in the Ruhr district of Germany are included. The methods involved in investigating these two sites are described, as is their rehabilitation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.