Populations, Community Composition and Biomass of Aquatic Organisms in the Floodwater of Rice Fields and Effects of Field Management

As rice fields are managed for improved rice production, many studies on aquatic organisms in the floodwater have been restricted to agronomically important members such as blue-green algae (BGA) and Azolla , and ecological studies on common aquatic organisms were relatively limited to specific group members. In the present paper, studies on all the aquatic organisms in the floodwater, from protozoa to insects and fishes, were reviewed worldwide from the viewpoint of rice field ecology, paying attention to their populations, seasonal variations, antagonistic relations and biomass, and the effect of field management. Most studies conducted in India and in the Southeast Asian countries dealt with the BGA and green algal populations. In contrast, protozoa and aquatic animals were extensively studied in rice fields in Europe. Japanese studies in the past were intermediate between the previously cited studies. They generally described specific groups depending on the authors' interests, and surprisingly few studies dealt with the community level and prey-predator relationships. Field management such as fertilizer and pesticide application, water management and plowing was found to play a major role in determining the populations of aquatic organisms. Overview of research on aquatic organisms in the floodwater of rice fields suggests several directions for future studies.     

集中投饵防治松鼠害研究初报

浙江省浦江县被赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus styani.)剥皮危害的树种有51种,面积达2.7万hm~2,占全县山林面积的45％。采用集中投饵灭鼠效果优于散点投饵,并且操作简便,成本低,见效快。     

杀虫剂对土壤的污染及对土壤中有益生物的影响

本文综述了杀虫剂对土壤的污染及其对土壤中有益生物如微生物、天敌昆虫、益螨和蜘蛛等的生命活动的影响,并建议珍惜保护土壤,更合理有效地使用杀虫剂。     

番茄锌营养临界值的研究

在盆钵条件下,试验布置在褐土菜园土和草甸土菜园土上。试验表明:施锌量与土壤有效锌含量和植株体内含量呈线性关系。根据这些数量关系计算出育苗阶段两种土壤有效锌缺锌临界值分别为5.32、9.80ppm,致害临界值分别为10.61、28.09ppm,生长在两种土壤上番茄幼苗锌缺锌临界值分别为55.73、65.98ppm,致害临界值分别为81.05、124.11ppm,开花阶段两种土壤有效锌缺锌临界值分别为11.32、13.89ppm,致害临界值分别为16.35、31.95ppm,生长在两种土壤上的番茄植株体内锌缺锌临界值分别为59.71ppm和81.43ppm,致害临界值分别为82.53ppm和124.11ppm。     

高原夏季无公害西芹专家系统的开发与应用

介绍了甘肃省首次研发的高原夏季无公害西芹专家系统的开发过程、主要技术及系统功能。该系统在金昌市永昌县示范,示范田西芹平均产量为12.915万kg/hm2,较对照增产19.9%,产值达51660元/hm2,较对照增值9360元/hm2。     

Suppression of root-knot disease by Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 in tomato: importance of bacterial secondary metabolite, 2,4-diacetylpholoroglucinol

The antimicrobial metabolites 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and pyoluteorin contribute to the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 to control plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens. P. fluorescens strain CHA0 and its derivatives CHA89 (antibiotics-deficient) and CHA0/pME3424 (antibiotics overproducing) were investigated as potential biocontrol agents against Meloidogyne javanica the root-knot nematode. Exposure of root-knot nematode to culture filtrates of P. fluorescens under in vitro conditions significantly reduced egg hatch and caused substantial mortality of M. javanica juveniles. Nutrient broth yeast extract (NBY) medium amended with 2% (w/v) glucose or 1 mM EDTA markedly repressed hatch inhibition activity of the strain CHA0 but not that of CHA0/pME3424 or CHA89. On the other hand, NBY medium amended with glucose significantly enhanced nematicidal activity of the strain CHA0/pME3424. Neither glucose nor EDTA had an influence on the nematicidal activity of the strains CHA0 and CHA89. Under in vitro conditions, antibiotic overproducing strain CHA0/pME3424 and CHA0 expressed phl‘-’lacZ reporter gene but strain CHA89 did not. Expression of the reporter gene reflects actual production of DAPG. In general, CHA0/pME3424 expressed reporter gene to a greater extent compared to its wild type counterpart CHA0. Regardless of the bacterial strains, reporter gene expression was markedly enhanced when NBY medium was amended with glucose but EDTA had no such effect. A positive correlation between the degree of juvenile mortality and extent of phl‘-’lacZ reporter gene expression was also observed in vitro. Strain CHA0 produced zones of 4-6 mm on MM medium containing gelatin while strain CHA0/pME3424 and CHA89 did not. When MM medium containing gelatin was amended with 2% glucose of 1 mM EDTA size of haloes produced by the strain CHA0 reduced to 2 mm. Under glasshouse conditions aqueous cell suspension of the strains CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424 at various inoculum levels (10⁷, 10⁸ or 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹) significantly reduced root-knot development. CHA89 caused significant reduction in galling when applied at 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹. To better understand the mechanism of nematode suppression, split root bioassay was performed. Split-root experiments, that guarantee a spatial separation of inducing agent and a challenging pathogen, showed that soil treatment of one half of the root system with cell suspension of CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424 resulted in a significant systemic induced resistance leading to reduction of M. javanica infection of tomato roots in the non-baterized nematode treated half. The results clearly suggest that the antibiotic 2,4-DAPG from P. fluorescens CHA0 act as the inducing agents of systemic resistance in tomato roots. Populations of CHA0 and its derivatives declined progressively by 10-fold between first and fourth harvests (0-21 days after inoculation). However, bacterial populations increased at final harvest (28 days after application).     

山西省转BT基因棉田害虫发生规律研究

通过对转BT基因棉田及常规棉田害虫的对比调查研究,并结合室内饲养,明确了山西省转BT基因棉田害虫的主要种类及其与常规棉田害虫发生规律的不同点,为新的生态条件下山西省棉田害虫综合治理提供了依据。     

Functional and numerical responses of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis to eggs of Nilaparvata lugens are not affected by genetically modified herbicide-tolerant rice

To safely and sustainably utilize genetic breeding techniques for crop production, greater understanding of the potential effects of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops on the ecological functions of predators is required. In the laboratory, we examined the functional and numerical responses of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter to eggs of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), which were reared on GMHT rice Bar68-1; the untransformed parental cultivar, D68; or a BPH-susceptive rice variety, Taichung Native 1. All stages of nymphs and female adult of C. lividipennis, either on GMHT rice or control plants, exhibited typical type II functional responses when fed on BPH eggs; the attacking rate and handling time of C. lividipennis on GMHT rice Bar68-1 was not significantly different from that on D68. The numerical responses of C. lividipennis on GMHT rice or controls fit Beddington’s model; there were no significant differences in the parameters of numerical responses between GMHT rice Bar68-1 and D68. The results indicated that the functional and numerical responses of C. lividipennis to BPH eggs are not affected by GMHT rice Bar68-1.     

预报微生物学及其在食品货架期预测领域的研究进展

预报微生物学研究食品腐败的过程和腐败优势细菌的消长变化情况 ,该领域获得的数值信息为食品货架期监测预报系统的开发打下了坚实的基础。为了准确预报产品的货架期 ,必须考虑整个食品微生态系统。本文略述了与食品腐败相关的微生物学研究 ,并引入了特定腐败菌的概念。在此基础上 ,讨论了预报微生物学在食品货架期预测领域面临的挑战和研究进展 ,并以腐败假单胞菌为例 ,简要介绍了预报模型的建立步骤和货架期预报系统的开发过程。