辽宁省北票市林业有害生物普查简述

辽宁省北票市自2003年春季-2004年年末开展了1986年以来首次大规模的林业有害生物普查工作,通过普查,基本摸清了北票市林业有害生物以及天敌昆虫的分布、种类、分布地点、发生面积及危害情况,为科学分析北票市主要林业有害生物的发生发展趋势,明晰今后林业有害生物治理工作的开展思路,制定合理的林业有害生物治理方案,更加有效地控制、封锁和扑灭各类林业有害生物提供了相应的依据。     

栉孔扇贝类立克次体自然感染调查及人工感染试验

从 1999年 10月至 2 0 0 1年 3月对导致栉孔扇贝 (Chlamysfarreri)大规模死亡的可疑病原进行了系统调查 ,在栉孔扇贝体内发现 1种细胞内寄生原核生物。根据该原核生物超微形态结构及所形成的包涵体形态特征及染色性质分析 ,初步确定为类立克次体 (Rickettsia likeorganisms ,RLO)。该RLO大小为 (3.6 2 3± 1.4 35 ) μm× (1.343± 0 .32 6 ) μm (n =4 5 ) ,主要寄生在栉孔扇贝的鳃、消化腺的上皮组织中。其感染率和感染强度与水温及栉孔扇贝死亡率呈负相关关系。人工感染试验证明 ,RLO可引起栉孔扇贝感染 ,但不形成大面积明显的组织病理变化。本研究表明 ,RLO对栉孔扇贝不具明显的致病性 ,不是导致栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的主要原因。     

水生生物DNA序列相似度的算法

本文提出DNA序列相似度指标,建立DNA序列比对算法。首先,将水生生物DNA样本序列与现有的基因库中的DNA序列逐项比对;其次,在满足特定阈值条件下,确认样本序列的分类。利用Java编程语言来实现算法,通过MonteCarlo模拟和实际应用,验证算法的有效性。理论结果表明:在满足特定阈值条件下,通过计算DNA序列相似度,能够确定数据库中与未知DNA样本序列最相似的序列,判断样本序列的分类。模拟实验、对比研究和应用结果表明:相似度指标算法在有效判别DNA序列的分类,提高DNA序列匹配成功率,降低程序复杂度等方面具有优良特征。     

Impact and effects of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins derived from harmful algal blooms to marine fish

Fish are frequently exposed to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) derived from harmful algal blooms (HAB). PSTs are potent neurotoxins with strong effects on fish at multiple trophic levels. Here, we examine the historical and contemporary mass mortality events combining with the available data on response of fish to PSTs' exposure. The data show that fish are negatively affected by these natural toxins on a recurring basis. Transient effects of PSTs have also been observed in fish and although difficult to quantify, these sublethal effects can affect foraging and predation avoidance. Additionally, the spatiotemporal overlapping of fish spawning and HAB can also be critical for fish survival and fisheries recruitment. Exposure of fish in their early life stages to dissolved toxins in the water column has also been identified as a risk factor for fish survival. In the context of global climate change, where PSTs are likely to become increasingly important, new insights and a synthesis of up‐to‐date information on fish response to PSTs and the risk associated with toxic dinoflagellate blooms are presented.     

坝上地区奶牛舍和犊牛舍冬季有害气体的检测

试验旨在研究高寒地区奶牛舍和犊牛舍冬季有害气体的含量变化,选取河北省坝上高原具有代表性的3种奶牛舍和4种犊牛舍,检测冬季不同时间段牛舍内外空气中氨气(NH₃)和二氧化碳(CO₂)的含量。结果显示,不设舍外运动场的奶牛舍中CO₂含量极显著高于带舍外运动场的奶牛舍(P < 0.01),且晚上CO₂含量高于早上和中午,最高达4 481.7 mg/m³(奶牛舍1)。所有犊牛舍CO₂含量均表现为早晚高、中午低的规律性,所有奶牛舍和犊牛舍内CO₂含量均极显著或显著高于净道或运动场(P < 0.01;P < 0.05)。3种奶牛舍19:00后NH₃含量出现急剧升高的趋势。奶牛舍3只检测到低浓度的NH₃,波动范围为0~0.36 mg/m³,犊牛舍的NH₃含量介于0.71~5.28 mg/m³。综上所述,奶牛舍和犊牛舍有害气体含量与牛舍建筑类型和结构相关,密闭性好的牛舍CO₂和NH₃含量均较高,甚至出现CO₂含量严重超标的现象。为降低舍内的有害气体含量,寒冷地区应在考虑牛舍保温设计的同时,兼顾通风换气的设计,以改善牛舍的空气质量。     

Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus)

Domoic acid (DA), the toxin causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is produced globally by some diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. DA has been detected in several marine mammal species in the Alaskan Arctic, raising health concerns for marine mammals and subsistence communities dependent upon them. Gastrointestinal matrices are routinely used to detect Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) toxin presence in marine mammals, yet DA stability has only been studied extensively in shellfish-related matrices. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified DA in bowhead whale fecal samples at multiple time points for two groups: (1) 50% methanol extracts from feces, and (2) raw feces stored in several conditions. DA concentrations decreased to 70 ± 7.1% of time zero (T₀) in the 50% methanol extracts after 2 weeks, but remained steady until the final time point at 5 weeks (66 ± 5.7% T₀). In contrast, DA concentrations were stable or increased in raw fecal material after 8 weeks of freezer storage (−20 °C), at room temperature (RT) in the dark, or refrigerated at 1 °C. DA concentrations in raw feces stored in an incubator (37 °C) or at RT in the light decreased to 77 ± 2.8% and 90 ± 15.0% T₀ at 8 weeks, respectively. Evaporation during storage of raw fecal material is a likely cause of the increased DA concentrations observed over time with the highest increase to 126 ± 7.6% T₀ after 3.2 years of frozen storage. These results provide valuable information for developing appropriate sample storage procedures for marine mammal fecal samples.     

肉制品加工过程中的有毒有害成分分析

从我国食品安全现状的分析入手,着重关注我国肉制品的安全发展现状及其加工生产过程中有毒有害物质。通过查阅相关资料研究发现:随着肉制品生产工艺和技术的不断发展,使得肉制品质量安全存在一定的隐患,肉制品中有毒有害物质以苯并(a)芘为代表。对肉制品中的有毒有害物质检测方法的分析对比得出:采用高效液相色谱检测苯并(a)芘,具有灵敏度高、分析时间短、分离效率高等优点。     

利用微滴数字PCR分析转基因生物外源基因拷贝数

微滴数字PCR(droplet digital PCR,ddPCR)是一种基于泊松分布原理的核酸分子绝对定量技术,在核酸分子的绝对计数/定量领域具有极大的应用潜力。本研究基于ddPCR平台,以转基因水稻(Oryza sativa)T1c-19和转人乳铁蛋白基因基因山羊(Capra hircus)134为例,建立了转基因生物(genetically modified organisms,GMOs)外源基因拷贝数分析方法,并比较了其与传统的实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)和Southern blot方法的准确性。实验数据表明,T1c-19的杀虫晶体蛋白基因(insecticidal crystal protein,Cry1C*)在qRT-PCR和ddPCR测定结果比较一致,约为2拷贝,但已报道的Southern blot分析结果为1拷贝;ddPCR对bar基因的分析结果高于qRT-PCR,分别为2.09拷贝和1.51拷贝。转人乳铁蛋白基因(human lactoferrin,HLF)山羊134在qRT-PCR和ddPCR的分析结果基本一致,均测得含有1拷贝的HLF基因。研究结果表明,微滴数字PCR方法是一种经济、快速和准确的外源基因拷贝数分析新方法,灵敏度和准确性高,将会在拷贝数分析中广泛应用。     

增施绿肥与降低氮肥对小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

在甘肃河西绿洲灌区,通过田间试验研究了增施绿肥7500kg/hm^2后减施无机N肥施用量对小麦产量、经济性状、土壤肥力和土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明,绿肥＋70%N处理比当地农民习惯施肥模式（FFP）增产829～1525kg/hm^2,增产率为10.7%～22.9%,且土壤碱解N、速效P、速效K和有机质含量均较高,能...     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are directly and indirectly affected by glyphosate application

Glyphosate is a systemic non-selective herbicide, the most widely used in the world. Alongside with its use in agricultural and forestry systems, this herbicide is used in grasslands in late summer with the aim of promoting winter species with the consequent increase in stocking rate. However, its effects on non-target organisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), are unclear. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonize the root of more than 80% of terrestrial plants, improving their growth and survival, and therefore playing a key role in ecosystem structure and function. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible pathways through which glyphosate application affects AMF spores viability and root colonization in grassland communities. Our hypothesis is that glyphosate application can damage AMF directly (through contact with spores and external hyphae) or indirectly through the changes it generates on host plants. The experiment had a factorial array with three factors: (1) plant species, at two levels (Paspalum dilatatum and Lotus tenuis), (2) doses of glyphosate, at three levels (0 l ha⁻¹, 0.8 l ha⁻¹ and 3 l ha ⁻¹), and (3) application site, at two levels: soil (direct pathway) and plant foliage (indirect pathway). Spore viability was reduced even under the lowest glyphosate rate, but only when it was applied on the soil. Total root colonization for both species was similarly decreased when glyphosate was applied to plant foliage or on soil, with no difference between 0.8 and 3 l ha⁻¹. The number of arbuscules was 20% lower when glyphosate was applied on plant foliage, than when it was applied on the soil. Our findings illustrate that glyphosate application negatively affects AMF functionality in grasslands, due to different causes depending on the herbicide application site. While, under field conditions, the occurrence of direct and/or indirect pathways will depend on the plant cover at the time of glyphosate application, the consequences of this practice on the plant community structure will vary with the mycorrhizal dependence of the species composition regardless of the pathway involved.