基于旋翼无人机低空遥感的高原鼠兔危害等级划分技术研究

高原鼠兔是青藏高原特有的小型啮齿动物,是高寒草地生态系统的关键种。科学合理防控高原鼠兔危害,对其危害程度开展监测和评价十分必要。通过无人机空中遥感平台并结合地面调查,以甘肃省玛曲县高原鼠兔危害草地为研究对象,选择不同危害程度的典型样地,采用自主设计的软件提取无人机影像中高原鼠兔洞口数、地上生物量、草地盖度等指标;构建了由洞口数、地上生物量、盖度和可食牧草比例组成的高原鼠兔危害等级综合指标体系,并对研究区样地进行危害等级划分。最终形成一套适用于高原鼠兔危害的低空遥感监测方法,可为后期高效、准确监测高原鼠兔危害提供有力的技术支持。主要结果如下：1）经实地人工调查结果验证,无人机影像洞口数量和植被盖度解译精度分别达到95%和93%。2）筛选了可见光波段差值植被指数VDVI作为估测地上生物量的最佳植被指数,并构建了估测模型。经实地调查验证平均精度为86.54%。3）构建了综合危害指数DRI,并提出了划分危害级别的各指标量化值。通过聚类分析将研究区鼠害地划分为5个等级,即I-无危害草地,Ⅱ-轻度危害草地,Ⅲ-中度危害草地,Ⅳ-重度危害草地,V-极度危害草地。     

摘叶模拟食叶害虫危害对杨树生长的影响*

摘叶模拟食叶害虫危害对杨树生长的影响高瑞桐，秦锡祥，陈德钧，卢永农关键词损失模拟，食叶害虫，杨树我国杨树害虫种类繁多，危害程度差别很大。有关专家曾作过杨树摘叶对生长影响的报道［１～３］，对指导害虫的防治有一定作用，特别是超越补偿作用在农作物上被发现并...     

脱毒骏枣幼树枝干抗寒性的调查研究

调查并计算了田间未脱毒嫁接、未脱毒自根、脱毒嫁接、脱毒自根四个类型骏枣幼树的冻害指数与冻害率,测定了其被迫休眠期的枝条在不同温度处理下电导率的变化规律。结果表明:①四个类型植株冻害程度顺序为:未脱毒嫁接>脱毒嫁接>未脱毒自根>脱毒自根;②一年生枝各类型间电导率存在显著差异,其顺序由高到低为:未脱毒嫁接>未脱毒自根>脱毒嫁接>脱毒自根,二年生枝各类型间电导率无显著差异,其顺序由高到低为未脱毒自根>未脱毒嫁接>脱毒嫁接>脱毒自根;③各类型的一二年生枝间电导率均无显著性差异,但总的看来,二年生枝的电导率均小于一年生枝的;④二年生枝的平均电导率随温度的降低呈逐渐增加的趋势,-30℃和-26℃之间存在极显著差异,并推测骏枣二年生枝冻害的半致死温度就在-30℃与-26℃之间。     

云南怒江干热河谷区咖啡绿蚧周年发生规律研究

对云南怒江干热河谷区咖啡绿蚧的调查表明:咖啡绿蚧单株虫口数量变化与平均温度的变化呈显著正相关(r=0.6984),为害率的变化与单株虫口数量的变化呈极显著正相关(r=0.7651),繁殖速度与平均温度增量呈显著正相关(r=0.6984),扩散传播速度与繁殖速度呈极显著正相关(r=0.8408),周年变化曲线呈双峰曲线。     

Severe hail damage to mangroves at Port Curtis, Australia

A hailstorm in October 1994 was found to have moderately or severely impacted on 5.3% of the mangrove forests in Port Curtis. All mangrove species showed evidence of hail damage, including the three most common species (Rhizophora stylosa, Ceriops tagal and Avicennia marina). Physical effects of hail damage included stripping of leaves from plants, holes punched through leaves, bruising to bark, divots removed from bark, branch and plant death. Speciesspecific differences in vulnerability to the effects of hail were observed with C.tagal experiencing relatively higher mortality rates than the other two common mangrove species. A delayed pattern of mortality was observed in two species _ C.tagal and A.marina. Alterations to mangrove community structure included: (1) reductions in stem density, stem diameter and basal area, (2) reductions in canopy cover (based on a photographic index of foliage projective cover) and (3) changes in relative abundance of species in mangrove zones. Recovery was observed in some stands but others had not recovered to prehail levels of canopy cover two years after the hailstorm. Recovery had occurred by regeneration of fresh leaves but no recruitment of young plants had been observed during the study. The forests in the impact area were dominated by either Ceriops tagal or Rhizophora stylosa with Avicennia marinaas a subdominant in places. C.tagal dominated forests within the impact area were relatively more severely affected (41.8% in the severe category) than R.stylosa dominated communities (only 17.4% in the severe category). This indicated that C.tagal dominated forests were more vulnerable to the effects of hail damage than R.stylosa dominated forests. In addition, hailimpacted C.tagal dominated forests represented a relatively high percentage of the area of C.tagal dominated forests in Port Curtis (44.3%). This percentage was much higher than hailimpacted R.stylosa dominated forests in Port Curtis (2.7%). These two factors – relatively severe impact on C.tagal communities and a relatively higher percentage affected within the Port Curtis area – illustrate that hailstorms, as a form of natural disturbance, are an important influence on the forest ecology of mangrove ecosystems in this region.     

Growing situation of afforested trees and damage to lower-story trees caused by felling in multi-storied forest management in Peninsular Malaysia

The growing condition of afforestation trees and damage to lower-story trees caused by felling and hauling of upper-story trees in a multi-storied forest in Peninsular Malaysia was surveyed. Seventy months have passed since the planting ofAcacia mangium upperstory trees, which have grown 233 m³/ha in volume. The growth ofShorea leprosula thirty-five months after planting of lower-story trees have reached 5.54 m in height. However, as the ratio of height to basal diameter exceeds 100:1, trees are tapering to a considerable degree. A backhoe was installed in order to fell the upper-story trees. From the results of logging, the damage ratio estimation of the lower-story trees was simulated by using the Monte Carlo method. The damage ratio differed considerably depending on planting patterns, height of upper-story trees and felling skills. The results of this survey proved that the felling and hauling of upper-story trees would be technically feasible in the future, except when one row upper-story trees and one row lower-story trees method were employed.     

A review of the effect of stresses between lifting and planting on nursery stock quality and performance

This paper presents the experimental evidence on the effects of desiccation, low and high temperatures, rough handling, root loss and storage between lifting and planting on plant quality and performance. The review concentrates on the impact of these stresses on outplanting performance; their effect on seedling properties, such as root growth potential and root electrolyte leakage, is also described. Stresses most often happen in combination but there is relatively little information on their interactions. Examples of desiccation plus rough handling, cold storage plus desiccation, frost damage plus freeze storage and the triple stress of desiccation, heating and rough handling are presented. The limited evidence on the cumulative effect of stresses suggests tentatively that damage from rough handling does not accumulate in the same way as damage from desiccation and prolonged storage. Factors affecting stress resistance are briefly reviewed.There are three impediments to producing a critical review of the literature: experimental treatments, particularly of desiccation and rough handling, can rarely be directly compared; the impact of stress treatments can be modified by a large number of factors, and the levels of stress have seldom been quantified in normal forestry practice. The first two problems also make it difficult to formulate general statements concerning critical thresholds for the stresses. However, instruments are now available for measuring and monitoring stresses between lifting and planting and it is, in theory, possible to model the effects of these stresses to take account of the many factors that modify their impact on seedling survival and growth. This offers the possibility of significant improvements in our ability to predict the effect of stresses between lifting and planting on seedling performance.     

福建寿宁县兽害猖獗的成因及对策初探

1998～2006年,以寿宁县为调查对象,运用机械抽样法调查样带69条,运用访问调查法调查猎户农户100余户,运用点面互换法调查全县范围内农田作物受害程度。结果表明,全县近半数的村,15%的耕地存在兽害,99%的兽害及其损失源于野猪的活动。分析表明,兽害的成因有种群爆发、物种灭绝和生态系统衰败诸多因素,而人为干扰是各种现象的起因。最后提出治理山区兽害的对策,尤其应加强生态系统恢复和自然保护区建设。     

冰雪灾后粤北山区受损杉木萌条生长规律研究

以位于粤北山区天井山林场的杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林中的受损杉木为研究对象,研究了2008年初冰雪灾害后1年内受损杉木的恢复和更新情况。采用标准地调查法,选取4种不同类型受损杉木的标准木（类型Ⅰ：断干高在原树高的1/3内;类型Ⅱ：断干高在原树高的1/3~2/3处;类型Ⅲ：断干高在原树高的2/3以上;类型Ⅳ：倒伏）,监测其自2008年11月—2009年11月期间的萌条高和基径的月生长动态。结果表明：冰雪灾害后的一年内,受损杉木萌条高生长的旺盛期为5—9月份,而基径生长总体呈现初期生长增加明显,后期增速逐渐缓慢的特点。林分密度与受损杉木萌条的生长关系密切,需在灾后杉木人工林重建时给予重点关注。受损Ⅲ型和受损Ⅳ型杉木萌条生长较好,但综合考虑生长和成材效果,建议保留受损Ⅲ型,伐掉受损杉木Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型。     

Effects of a severe typhoon on forest dynamics in a warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Japan

The effects of a typhoon on forest dynamics and the response of major tree species were studied in a warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Japan. The strongest typhoon on record (T9313) passed through this region in 1993. Return periods of typhoons over 30 ms⁻¹ in instantaneous wind velocity and T9313 were estimated to be 2.2 and 104.5 years, respectively. Approximately 10% of all stems suffered some damage from T9313 and annual stem mortality rose from 1.3 to 2.7%. The estimated period that the number of stems would fall below 10% of the initial was four years shorter with T9313-class typhoons than without them. Thus, the disturbance by T9313 was not catastrophic at the site although T9313 was an episodic typhoon. The short-term responses of major tree species to T9313 were classified into four types: 1) blunt-response type with little decrease and recruitment of stems in the DBH ≥ 5 cm class (Distylium racemosum), 2) retreat type with larger decrease than recruitment (e.g. Quercus acuta), 3) sharp-response type with a large decrease and much recruitment (e.g. Cinnamomum japonicum), and 4) advance type with less decrease than recruitment (Eurya japonica). Among the four regeneration types classified by previous studies (climax, light-demanding, subcanopy, and few-sapling), the climax and few-sapling types each showed a specific short-term response, the blunt-response and retreat types, respectively, that explains one aspect of the regeneration strategies of each type. On the other hand, the light-demanding or sub-canopy type showed multiple short-term responses, indicating that each regeneration type contains species with various regeneration strategies. In this paper, I analyzed data from the database that was compiled by the Aya Research Team.