中国远洋鱿钓渔业的发展与前景

介绍了中国远洋鱿钓渔业发展的３个阶段。从生产规模、生产效率、作业渔场３个方面介绍了中国远洋鱿钓渔业发展状况,对中国产鱿钓渔业目前的生产和发展提出一些建议,并对中国远洋鱿钓渔业的前景进行了展望。     

塞罕坝林场主要树种一元立木地径材积表的编制

本文根据塞罕坝林场4个树种(樟子松、落叶松、白桦和山杨)的胸径、地径调查材料,利用胸径、地径之间存在的显著直线相关关系,分树种建立经验方程,求算出各径阶的胸径、地径对应值,通过一元立木材积式,导引出一元立木地径材积式(表)。     

不同捕捞方式下印度洋北部鸢乌贼渔场时空分布差异

根据中国远洋渔业协会鱿钓技术组和公海围拖网技术组提供的2017—2019年印度洋北部鸢乌贼（Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis）生产统计资料,对灯光敷网、灯光罩网和鱿钓3种捕捞方式的鸢乌贼作业次数、产量和捕捞努力量渔获量（catch per unit effort,CPUE）进行统计分析。通过产量重心分析、聚类分析和方差分析,对3种捕捞方式的渔场时空分布及其年间差异进行比较。结果表明,2017、2018和2019年印度洋北部鸢乌贼产量分别为28 347、68 535和180 094 t,产量逐年上升。从年间变化来看,CPUE波动较大;从月间变化来看,各月产量与CPUE的变化趋势均保持一致。3种捕捞方式各月产量重心呈现逆时针变化规律,从南到北,自东向西移动。通过聚类分析可将灯光敷网分为5类,灯光罩网分为4类,鱿钓分为6类;渔获量主要分布于12. 5°N~14. 5°N,58°E~60°E和16°N~18°N,61. 5°E~63°E海域内。以时间和空间为影响因素,对不同经度间海域分析发现,CPUE在不同时间、空间上有明显差异;而不同捕捞方式也均存在显著差异。研究认为,今后应该加强时间序列的样本采集工作,综合考虑环境因子分析鸢乌贼渔场的变化规律及其根本原因,为后续合理开发该渔业和建立相关渔情预报模型提供依据。     

Design of a spatial sampling scheme considering the spatial autocorrelation of crop acreage included in the sampling units

Information on crop acreage is important for formulating national food polices and economic planning.Spatial sampling,a combination of traditional sampling methods and remote sensing and geographic information system(GIS)technology,provides an efficient way to estimate crop acreage at the regional scale.Traditional sampling methods require that the sampling units should be independent of each other,but in practice there is often spatial autocorrelation among crop acreage contained in the sampling units.In this study,using Dehui County in Jilin Province,China,as the study area,we used a thematic crop map derived from Systeme Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre(SPOT-5)imagery,cultivated land plots and digital elevation model data to explore the spatial autocorrelation characteristics among maize and rice acreage included in sampling units of different sizes,and analyzed the effects of different stratification criteria on the level of spatial autocorrelation of the two crop acreages within the sampling units.Moran’s I,a global spatial autocorrelation index,was used to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation among the two crop acreages in this study.The results showed that although the spatial autocorrelation level among maize and rice acreages within the sampling units generally decreased with increasing sampling unit size,there was still a significant spatial autocorrelation among the two crop acreages included in the sampling units(Moran’s I varied from 0.49 to 0.89),irrespective of the sampling unit size.When the sampling unit size was less than3 000 m,the stratification design that used crop planting intensity(CPI)as the stratification criterion,with a stratum number of 5 and a stratum interval of 20%decreased the spatial autocorrelation level to almost zero for the maize and rice area included in sampling units within each stratum.Therefore,the traditional sampling methods can be used to estimate the two crop acreages.Compared with CPI,there was still a strong spatial correlation among the two crop acreages included in the sampling units belonging to each stratum when cultivated land fragmentation and ground slope were used as stratification criterion.As far as the selection of stratification criteria and sampling unit size is concerned,this study provides a basis for formulating a reasonable spatial sampling scheme to estimate crop acreage.     

不同稻作制下红壤性水稻土氮矿化特性的研究

以湖南省长沙地区发育于第四纪红土上的红壤性水稻土为材料,用淹水密闭培养法、生物法以及化学测定法等研究了不同稻作制对红壤性水稻土氮矿化特性的影响。结果表明,在不同稻作制之间,氮矿化势、有机质、全氮、水解性有机氮、易矿化氮,叶绿素类化合物含量及谷氨酰胺酶,天门冬酰胺酶活性大小具有一致的变化趋势,即稻—稻—冬泡>稻—稻—绿肥>稻—稻—油菜;氮矿化势与土壤有机质、全氮、水解性有机氮之间呈极显著正相关;易矿化氮与叶绿素类化合物含量之比近于常数;酰胺酶活性与水解性有机氮之间也呈显著正相关:水稻吸氮量与氮矿化势之间呈极显著正相关,以培养法测得的氮矿优势比其它几种化学法测得的氮矿化势指标作为水稻土供氮能力的指标要好。     

弃土场侵蚀产沙模拟试验研究

鉴于目前很多学者对弃土场的研究,主要集中在室外天然降雨和人工模拟降雨监测上,而在室外由于受到工程建设时限和其他因素制约,并不能对各影响因素做定性研究的实际,利用室内模拟降雨对弃土场侵蚀产沙过程进行模拟试验研究,寻求侵蚀产沙规律及主要影响因素。试验结果为:弃土坡面侵蚀沟出现时间随降雨强度的增加而缩短;产沙量随降雨强度的增加而增加,但在雨强较小情况下,坡面产沙量最初随降雨的持续而逐渐增加,达到一个峰值后,便开始减少,并趋于稳定,而在大雨强条件下,坡面产沙量随降雨的持续呈波动增加状态,侵蚀量增加较快;在同一降雨强度条件下,坡面产沙量随坡度的增加而增加。     

不同耕作制对水田土壤有效硅的影响

人工模拟试验结果表明,耕型旱地红壤改为不同稻作制后有效硅下降,其顺序为冬油>冬绿>冬泡,淹水植稻期间是前期明显增加,到分蘖末期达峰值,孕穗至始穗期显著下降,以后缓慢继续降低,到黄熟期降到最低值;早、晚稻期间比较,晚稻期明显减少,而不同耕作制相比,则冬泡制高于冬种制,另外,施用有机肥能使有效硅提高,且随用量增加而加大。     

4个放线菌株对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用初探*

 4个放线菌株（143号、36号、15号、179号）菌丝研磨液，选用玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum)、稻褐色杆腐病菌(Sclerotium oryzae-satvae)、柚子炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和稻黑粒病菌(Curvularia lunata)作为供试病原菌，进行平板抑菌试验，结果表明4个放线菌株的菌丝研磨液对供试病菌均有不同的抑制效果。143号放线菌株对供试的4个病菌均有显著的抑菌作用，抑菌率分别达到95.7%，94.4%，87.2%和73.1%。试验表明抑菌方式不同，除36和15号放线菌株使稻褐色杆腐病菌菌丝生长较快和稀薄，不能形成菌核外，4个放线菌株均抑制供试病原真菌菌丝伸长。结果显示143和179号菌株的菌丝研磨液抑菌谱较广。