烤烟地膜覆盖栽培分析

 在云南省高海拔地区烤烟地膜覆盖栽培技术是一项提高烤烟产量、质量的重要措施之一.但由于施肥种类的不当,造成土壤日趋贫瘠,烤烟品质下降等;一些新开发的低海拔热区种植夏烟,盲目地采用地膜覆盖技术,引起膜内温度过高等不良因素,影响了烤烟正常生长发育,造成烟株蹲棵不长,甚至早花,使烤烟产量减少,品质下降,以及因覆膜把烤烟适种范围推至高寒山区等不利因素.本文根据烤烟生长发育的特点,较全面地分析了高海拔、低海拔地区烤烟地膜覆盖栽培的问题所在.在分析研究的基础上,得出了高海拔地膜烟需增施有机肥,其施用量占所需施肥总量的2/3对一些海拔低于1800m的烟区,特别热区,不适宜采用该项技术,在夏烟上应停止使用.     

水稻纸膜覆盖插秧机的设计

为加快纸膜覆盖水稻插秧技术的推广,提出设计水稻纸膜覆盖插秧机的基本思路,包括纸膜铺放机构、纸膜切断机构。该设计以期为以后生产样机和进一步优化设计水稻纸膜覆盖插秧机提供参考依据。     

Agronomic evaluation of mulching and iron nutrition on productivity,nutrient uptake,iron use efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system

Field experiments were carried out during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons (June–April) of 2008–2010 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, to study the productivity, nutrients uptake, iron (Fe) use-efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system as influenced by mulching and Fe nutrition. The highest yield attributes, grain and straw yields (5.41 tonnes ha^?1 and 6.56 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in rice was recorded with transplanted and puddled rice (TPR) followed by aerobic rice with Sesbania aculeata mulch. However, residual effect of aerobic rice with wheat straw mulch was more pronounced on yield attributes, grain and straw yields (4.20 and 6.70 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in succeeding wheat and remained at par with aerobic rice with Sesbania mulch. Application of iron sulfate (FeSO₄) at 50 kg ha^?1 + 2 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄ was found to be the best in terms of all the yield attributes, grain and straw yield (5.09 and 6.17 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake and remained at par with 3 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄. Although residual effect of iron application failed to increase the yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) except Fe. The highest system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B: C ratio and lowest cost of cultivation were recorded with aerobic rice with wheat straw and Sesbania aculeata mulch. Application of FeSO₄ at 50 kg ha^?1 + two foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄ was found better in respect of system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B:C ratio and cost of cultivation in aerobic rice-wheat cropping system. The Fe use efficiency values viz. partial factor productivity (kg grain kg^?1 Fe), agronomic efficiency (kg grain increased kg^?1 Fe applied), agrophysiological efficiency (kg grain kg^?1 Fe uptake), physiological efficiency (kg biomass kg^?1 Fe uptake), apparent recovery (%) utilization efficiency and harvest index (%) of applied Fe were significantly affected due to methods of rice production and various Fe nutrition treatments in aerobic rice and aerobic rice-wheat cropping system.     

基于宽窄行种植模式下稻秸非均匀性覆盖对土壤特性及小麦产量的影响

为探究宽窄行种植模式下稻秸非均匀性覆盖还田对土壤理化特性和小麦产量的影响,在大田条件下,本研究通过前期不同行间距配置试验筛选出30 cm+15 cm的优势宽窄行组合,并在此基础上设置5个不同梯度的宽窄行稻秸分布比例处理(T1:0、T2:25％、T3:50％、T4:75％、T5:100％),分析窄行(苗带)土壤理化性质和...     

膜下滴灌棉花植株耗水率与土壤水分的关系

膜下滴灌技术不仅可减少地面水分蒸发 ,还可以避免深层渗漏。为了合理地确定膜下滴灌技术体系 ,以水量平衡原理为基础 ,对轻壤土、中壤土和重壤土进行不同土壤含水率处理 ,试验得出了棉花生育期植株耗水规律 ,以及棉花成铃数与生育期耗水量的对应关系。在不产生深层渗漏的条件下 ,土壤含水率越高 ,棉株耗水越大 ,但成铃数的增加有限。另外 ,观察到膜下滴灌棉花的根系主要吸水层在 60 cm土层深度以内     

大田滴灌条件下葡萄生育期土壤水盐的平均分布特征

【目的】研究滴灌条件下土壤水盐的分布特征,为土壤水盐的调控提供参考。【方法】以新疆干旱区葡萄为例,对葡萄生育期土壤水盐含量进行测定,分析其生育期土壤水盐分布特性。【结果】葡萄生育期内,在垂直方向上覆膜处理土壤含水量的最大值出现在距滴头30 cm处,土壤含水量从30 cm处向两边递减;在水平方向距滴头30~60 cm处土壤含盐量最大,土壤盐分质量浓度与土壤含盐量具有相似的变化规律。灌水周期为7.5 d时,红提葡萄生育期内各处土壤均处于干旱状态。【结论】在综合调控土壤水盐分布特征时,必须考虑滴灌技术参数对土壤水盐分布的影响。     

棉花膜下滴灌盐分动态及平衡研究

在南疆气候条件下．研究了膜下滴灌盐分动态变化及平衡．结果表明：在南疆，棉花苗期时，土壤盐分开始分区，盐分在膜间0～40cm强烈聚集，膜下盐分变化不大，而且在覆膜的作用下发生侧向运移，移向膜间，加剧了膜间的盐分累积；棉花生育期结束后．土壤0～60cm盐分都有增加．在膜间0～20cm盐分强烈累积；灌水量为345mm的处理盐分增加明显，积盐率高达．94．5％，其增加的盐分主要来自下边界土壤水分上行所带来的盐分，占盐分增加量的57％．而灌水量505mm处理增加的盐分主要来自灌溉水所携带的盐分，占81％．若不考虑灌溉水的矿化度，膜下滴灌土壤盐分的积盐率只有13．8％。     

秸秆覆盖畦田灌溉水流特性及灌水质量分析

在陕西杨凌张家岗村覆盖玉米秸秆的冬小麦地进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌溉均匀度影响的田间试验,并SRFR406软件对秸秆覆盖畦灌的水流推进进行了数学模拟.结果表明,给出的地面灌溉模型及软件可较好的模拟秸秆覆盖畦田水流运动.畦田规格与技术要素的选择对灌水效率及灌水均匀度均有影响.在覆盖秸秆畦田以畦长小于50 m,畦宽2～3 m,单宽流量以6～8 L/(m·s),坡度以3‰～5‰为宜.为提高秸秆覆盖灌水效率,应加强耕作管理,消除反坡.     

南京周边地区古砂砾层土壤和岩石形成的数学分析

Research samples were taken from an ancient gravel stratum which is not only a representative soil layer along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China ,but also one of the primary Neozoic strata in Nanjing district.Located mostly on the second and third terraces,the ancient gravel strata formed the geomorphic landscapes of terrace and step.They were complex in constitution,varied widely in stability,of multiple sources,locally derived ,and associated with braided streams in the deposition environment ,A CIPW(Cross,Iddings,Pirsson and Washington) method modified by the author was used to analyze the soil-rock-forming materials of finer grains(less than 2 mm in size) of the ancient gravel stratum.Results of the analysis showed that the sandy grains were composed of apatite,ilmenite,potassium feldspar,plagioclase,enstatite and free quartz,the clay mainly of kaolinite,and the cement of a combination of silicon,aluminum and iron at a ratiof of 46:44:10.In the soil-rock-forming processes, including compactional solidifiation,water-stable illuviation-cementation,homogneous overgrowth and so on,the loose soil-rock-forming components gradually changed into consolidated soil and further to the early stage of lithification.Meanvwhile,from ,the analysis,we found that the ancient gravel stratum had been protected by overlying Xiashu loess or basalt and the overloading resulted in overconsolidated strata ,The modified CIPW method was applicale and effective for semi-quantitative analysis.     

覆草栽培对甜樱桃生长及光合速率的影响

选择6年生甜樱桃Cerasus avium品种红灯Cerasus avium‘Hongdeng’的试验基地开展覆草试验。覆草栽培与裸土对照交互排列,小区面积333.5 m2,重复3次,翌年开始生长调查。结果表明:覆草栽培可以使樱桃新梢旺长期提前;新梢长度、粗度、百叶质量和叶面积分别比对照提高20.4%,30.2%,20.5%和5.3%;叶绿素质量分数和光合速率分别比对照增加了35.8%和54.7%;覆草栽培还能明显增加树体中氮、钾、钙元素的质量分数,降低铁、镁、锰元素的质量分数;覆草使根量增加,根位上升。图2表4参16