Birds in eucalypt and pine forests: landscape alteration and its implications for research models of faunal habitat use

Most studies of faunal habitat fragmentation are based on a human perspective of the landscape in which landscape elements are classified as habitat and non-habitat. Moreover, many landscape models that define “habitat patches” assume that the same set of patches will be suitable for all taxa or a broad range of taxa. McIntyre and Hobbs [Conservation Biology 13 (1999) 1282] recently proposed a model in which landscapes can be classified according to the amount of habitat remaining and in which the remaining habitat can correspond to a continuum or gradient of modification. The perception of a landscape as being intact, variegated, fragmented or relictual [sensu Conservation Biology 13 (1999)] will depend on the capacity of individual species to utilise modified habitat. We suggest that although the continuum concept of habitat use is reasonably well established for plants, faunal studies have often ignored the notion of a gradient of habitat use and have classified landscape areas simplistically and inappropriately as either habitat or non-habitat. Data on birds in southeastern Australia are used to illustrate how the binary view of habitat can be incorrect. Birds were sampled in landscapes that ranged from intact to relictual as defined from an anthropocentric perspective. Our data: (1) illustrated a wide range of bird responses to habitat modification including many that might have been overlooked using a simple binomial approach to habitat classification, and (2) highlighted the fact that the way in which humans perceive landscapes may not correspond to how some elements of the biota perceive the same landscape. Viewing landscapes as a species-specific gradient of states of remaining habitat and condition has important implications for undertaking studies of human impacts on biodiversity and also integrating conservation considerations in production environments. It also challenges the effectiveness of “quick fixes” such as species-based biodiversity surrogates schemes and the uncritical use of generic landscape indices to save “habitat” because the assumption that all species will conform to the same landscape pattern will not hold.     

利用薄膜扩散梯度技术研究不同土壤性质影响下镉对黑麦草的生物有效性

A generally accepted method for predicting the bioavailability and transfer of cadmium (Cd) from soil to plants has not yet been established. In this study, the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and conventional extraction methods for metal fractions were used to investigate how effective these methods were at predicting Cd bioavailability to ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and to assess whether these holistic variables were independent of the soil property variables. The influences of soil properties on the predictive capabilities of the different methods were evaluated using multivariate statistics. The Cd concentrations in the shoots and roots of ryegrass correlated more closely with the effective Cd concentration measured by DGT (C_E), compared with those with soil total Cd, pore water Cd, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na₂EDTA)- and acetic acid (HOAc)-extractable Cd. When soil properties were included in a stepwise multiple linear regression, Cd transfer to L. perenne was negatively influenced by pH and positively influenced by organic matter (OM). The multivariate statistics showed that the adjusted correlation coefficients for the plots involving soil total Cd, pore water Cd, and Na₂EDTA- and HOAc-extractable Cd had been significantly improved after considering the influences of soil properties, which suggested that these methods were pH and OM dependent. For C_E, the relationship was pH independent or only dependent in strongly acidic soils. These results suggested that the main soil factors affecting bioavailability had the lowest impact on the DGT technique. Therefore, the DGT technique provided significant advantages over conventional methods when assessing Cd bioavailability.     

Gradients of abundance of fish across no‐take marine reserve boundaries: evidence from Philippine coral reefs

• 1. An abundance gradient from high inside to low outside a no‐take marine reserve may indicate net emigration of adult fish from the reserve (‘spillover’).
• 2. We examined spatial patterns of abundance of fish across two ～900 m long sections of coral reef slope at each of two small Philippine islands (Apo and Balicasag). One section sampled the entire length of a no‐take reserve and extended 200–400 m outside the two lateral reserve boundaries. The other section, without a reserve, was a control. The reserves had had 20 (Apo) and 15 (Balicasag) years of protection when sampled in 2002.
• 3. Significant spatial gradients of decreasing abundance of target fish occurred across only one (Apo Reserve northern boundary = ARNB) of four real reserve boundaries, and across none of the control ‘boundaries’. Abundance of non‐target fish did not decline significantly across reserve boundaries.
• 4. Abundance of target fish declined sharply 50 m outside the ARNB, but enhanced abundance extended 100–350 m beyond this boundary, depending on fish mobility.
• 5. Density of sedentary target fish declined 2–6 times faster than density of highly vagile and vagile target fish across the ARNB.
• 6. Habitat factors could not account for these ARNB results for target fish, but did influence abundance patterns of non‐target fish.
• 7. The lack of abundance gradients of target fish at Balicasag may reflect reduced fishing outside the reserve since it was established.
• 8. Apo Reserve had a gradient of abundance of target fish across at least one boundary, a result consistent with spillover.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DGT和化学提取法评价贵州赫章土法炼锌区污染土壤中镉的植物吸收有效性

以马铃薯、白菜和玉米为典型作物,以贵州省赫章县"土法炼锌"冶炼区重金属复合污染土壤为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验比较了五种传统化学提取剂(HNO_3、DTPA、LMWOAs、HCl和CaCl_2)和梯度扩散薄膜技术(diffusive gradients in thin films,DGT)对土壤Cd的植物吸收有效性影响。研究结果表明:"土法炼锌"影响区土壤总体呈碱性;马铃薯与白菜可食部位对供试土壤Cd的富集系数基本相同,而玉米籽粒对供试土壤Cd的富集系数远小于块茎类和叶菜类,马铃薯、白菜和玉米的富集系数平均值分别为0.105 3、0.105 8和0.007 9;一元线性与二元回归表明DGT测定土壤有效Cd含量与作物可食部分Cd含量相关系数大于五种传统化学提取剂;五种提取态中,CaCl_2提取态测定有效态Cd也可较好预测马铃薯和白菜可食部分Cd含量(R2adj分别为0.805和0.808),HNO_3提取态测定有效态Cd也可较好预测三种作物可食部分Cd含量(R_(adj)~2分别为0.822、0.874和0.764)。在本实验条件下,DGT技术评价"土法炼锌"冶炼区土壤镉植物吸收有效性效果优于五种化学提取态,但考虑不同作物类型,土壤pH因素以及操作的简单快捷性,CaCl_2提取态和HNO_3提取态也可成为预测重金属冶炼区复合污染碱性土壤Cd的植物吸收有效性的方法。     

水分对3种冷季型草坪草生长的影响及蒸散需水研究--3种冷季型草坪草地上部分对不同水分梯度的响应

对多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne,草地早熟禾Poa pratensis和苇状羊茅Festuca arundinacea 3种冷季型草坪草生长季内在田间持水量(FC)30%～50%,50%～70%,70%～90% 3个水分梯度下的地上生物量、再生速度及其坪用质量进行了田间测定.结果表明:3种草坪草在FC 30%～50%下的再生速度与50%～70%下的再生速度具有显著性差异,当FC 50%～70%时,再增加水分并不能显著增强草坪草的再生速率.多年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾、苇状羊茅整个试验期间的地上生物量干物质累积在FC 30%～50%,50%～70%之间差异显著,FC 50%～70%与70%～90%下的地上生物量累积差异不明显.3种草坪草叶片组织含水量随着水分梯度的增加而增大,叶片组织含水量对水分梯度的响应基本显著.方差分析结果表明,3种冷季型草坪草在不同的水分梯度下,其坪用质量具有差异显著性(P＜0.05),灌水能显著提高草坪草的质量.但在FC 50%～70%的水分梯度下,3种冷季型草坪草都表现理想(得分＞6.5).     

Fish reproductive activity reveals temporal variations predominating spatial heterogeneity in maintaining high functional diversity of a Neotropical reservoir

The reproductive activity of the fish assemblage in a large Neotropical reservoir was evaluated by surveying the occurrence of ichthyoplankton in response to spatial and temporal variation in environmental factors. Fish reproduction was investigated by capturing larvae along representative spatial gradients in the main body (longitudinal) and arms (lateral) of the reservoir. After identification, the captured larvae were classified into different groups according to the functional traits of their parental stock. Sampling occurred monthly at night from October to March over five reproductive periods between 2009 and 2016, using conical-cylindrical plankton nets with flowmeter. Water samples were taken simultaneously allowing the measurement of environmental factors related to reproductive activity. The relationship between the environmental factors and the functional traits was assessed using RLQ and fourth-corner analyses. An evaluation of 51,995 larvae revealed there was greater larval abundance in the lacustrine and transition zones of both longitudinal and lateral gradients. Occurrences often correlated with temporal instead of spatial gradients. Higher rainfall correlated with abundances of detritivorous and migratory species. Higher water levels correlated with higher abundances of non-native species, species without parental care, with external fecundation, and partial spawning. Dry periods, with lower water and higher dissolved oxygen, correlated with higher abundances of insectivores and sedentary species. Although the presence of a dam-free stretch of river upstream of the reservoir had a positive influence on fish larvae in the fluvial zone, the results did not show differentiation along either gradient. Thus, the composition of the functional groups of fish species that reproduce in the Itaipu Reservoir appears to be predominantly influenced by the temporal variation in environmental factors rather than the formation of spatial gradients.     

秦岭山地“七药”植物在海拔梯度上的种域分布特征

物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布格局成为生物多样性研究的热点。以秦岭山地"七药"植物为研究对象,分析了该区域"七药"植物物种丰富度的垂直分布格局,以及不同种域宽度组的物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的变化规律,并分析了种域宽度与海拔梯度的关系,检验其是否符合Rapoport法则。结果表明,秦岭山地"七药"植物的物种丰富度随着海拔的升高呈现先增加后减小的趋势,最大值出现在海拔1 800m;在不同海拔段,各组的物种丰富度值大小均与种域宽度正相关,即种域越宽的组资源植物种数越多;物种丰富度垂直分布格局的形成与海拔所反映的水、热条件以及物种分布的界限有关;秦岭山地"七药"植物的种域宽度和海拔梯度有较弱的正相关关系,基本支持Rapoport法则。     

基于被动采样技术的砷有效性和界面过程研究:进展与展望

全球诸多区域均发现由于人类活动或者地质因素造成的砷污染问题,严重威胁区域生态安全和人体健康.对大尺度下砷风险有效控制,需要准确评价砷在不同介质间的界面行为.砷的迁移转化受到化学和微生物调控,从而在土水和根际等典型环境界面上,具有在毫微米尺度下形态变化剧烈的特点.传统的以破坏性取样加实验室分析为主的主动采样技术难以胜任对...     

基于LDHs-DGT的环境中活性态Cr原位提取检测方法研究

为原位监测土壤Cr的形态变化，本研究开发了一种以纳米Mg/Al双层氢氧化物（Mg/Al-LDHs）作为结合膜的梯度扩散薄膜（LDHs-DGT）装置，并通过ICP-MS和超痕量六价铬分析仪联用，实现对环境中活性态Cr含量及Cr （Ⅲ）、Cr （Ⅵ）的原位提取、测定。实验结果表明，该装置中LDHs结合膜对Cr（Ⅲ）和Cr（Ⅵ）均有较快的吸附速率，其最大吸附量分别是181.27 μg·cm^-2和176.29 μg·cm^-2，该装置可在pH为5~8、离子强度小于50 mmol·L^-1的环境中对Cr （Ⅲ）和Cr （Ⅵ）实现准确提取，能够有效避免干扰离子对装置的影响，空白背景值为4.9 ng，方法检出限为0.22 ng·mL^-1，Cr（Ⅲ）和Cr（Ⅵ）在扩散膜中的扩散系数分别为（3.58±0.02）×10^-6 cm²·s^-1和（7.03±0.09）×10^-6 cm²·s^-1。LDHs-DGT可以高效侦测土壤活性态Cr的时空变化态势，并能对Cr （Ⅲ）和Cr （Ⅵ）的价态变化进行动态监测。