Considering sink strength to model crop production under elevated atmospheric CO2

Climatic changes and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will affect crop growth and production in the near future. Rising CO₂ concentration is a novel environmental aspect that should be considered when projections for future agricultural productivity are made. In addition to a reducing effect on stomatal conductance and crop transpiration, elevated CO₂ concentration can stimulate crop production. The magnitude of this stimulatory effect (‘CO₂ fertilization’) is subject of discussion. In this study, different calculation procedures of the generic crop model AquaCrop based on a foregoing theoretical framework and a meta-analysis of field responses, respectively, were evaluated against experimental data of free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) environments. A flexible response of the water productivity parameter of the model to CO₂ concentration was introduced as the best option to consider crop sink strength and responsiveness to CO₂. By varying the response factor, differences in crop sink capacity and trends in breeding and management, which alter crop responsiveness, can be addressed. Projections of maize (Zea mays L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production reflecting the differences in responsiveness were simulated for future time horizons when elevated CO₂ concentrations and climatic changes are expected. Variation in future yield potential associated with sink strength could be as high as 27% of the total production. Thus, taking into account crop sink strength and variation in responsiveness is equally relevant to considering climatic changes and elevated CO₂ concentration when assessing future crop production. Indicative values representing the crop responsiveness to elevated CO₂ concentration were proposed for all crops currently available in the database of AquaCrop as a first step in reducing part of the uncertainty involved in modeling future agricultural production.     

长期不同施肥下太湖地区稻田净温室效应和温室气体排放强度的变化

利用田间观测和模型预测方法对太湖地区一个长期不同施肥处理的稻田生态系统进行了稻季温室气体排放观测和净温室气体排放强度分析。结果表明,不同施肥管理下,稻田土壤有机碳含量不同程度提高,有机无机肥料配施较单施化肥处理显著提高有机碳库储量,并且秸秆处理略高于猪粪处理。与不施肥处理相比,长期施用肥料显著提高了稻田生态系统CH4和CO2的排放量,有机肥料与化肥配施较单纯施用化学肥料下土壤碳（CO2和CH4）排放增加,但化肥配施秸秆与化肥配施猪粪下稻田生态系统CH4和CO2的排放没有显著差异。不同施肥处理下,稻田生态系统净温室效应表现为CFM≈CFS〉CF〉NF,但水稻生产的净温室气体排放强度并没有显著性差异。因此,在提高水稻产量的同时,有机无机配合施肥并没有提高净温室气体的排放强度。     

3S技术在精准农业中应用的研究

阐述了3S技术的原理及其在精准农业中的应用,采用差分GPS大大提高定位精度,应用归一化植被指数NDVI值对叶面积指数和植株含氮量进行监测,依GPS定位导航将田块按网格取样,经分析后生产施肥处方图已指导变量施肥。     

西南山地林下经济模式对土壤养分和土壤微生物数量的影响

为进一步加强农林牧业资源共享,推动生态农业的发展,在重庆市荣昌县6种不同的林下经济模式下,分别对土壤养分和微生物数量的变化及其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明,不同的林下经济模式对土壤养分的影响各有差异,有机质和全钾在麻竹林下养禽模式中增加最多,全磷在桉树林下养禽模式中增加最多,全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量则在马尾松林下养畜模式中增加最多。从微生物总量来看,土壤中表现为桉树林下禽模式最多,其次为桉树林下种菌模式,最少的是麻竹林下种菌模式;腐殖层中最多的是麻竹林下养禽模式,最少的是桉树林下种菌模式。微生物数量与有机质、有效磷和碱解氮呈正相关关系。由于土壤养分和微生物数量的变化趋势不一致,因此在研究林下经济过程中应将二者结合起来。     

Validation of the DNDC-Rice model by using CH4 and N2O flux data from rice cultivated in pots under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management

The DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition)-Rice model, one of the most advanced process-based models for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields, has been discussed mostly in terms of the reproducibility of observed methane (CH₄) emissions from Japanese rice paddies, but the model has not yet been validated for tropical rice paddies under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation management, a water-saving technique. We validated the model by using CH₄ and nitrous oxide (N₂O) flux data from rice in pots cultivated under AWD irrigation management in a screen-house at the International Rice Research Institute (Los Baños, the Philippines). After minor modification and adjustment of the model to the experimental irrigation conditions, we calculated grain yield and straw production. The observed mean daily CH₄ fluxes from the continuous flooding (CF) and AWD pots were 4.49 and 1.22?kg?C?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively, and the observed mean daily N₂O fluxes from the pots were 0.105 and 34.1?g?N?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively. The root-mean-square errors, indicators of simulation error, of daily CH₄ fluxes from CF and AWD pots were calculated as 1.76 and 1.86?kg?C?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively, and those of daily N₂O fluxes were 2.23 and 124?g?N?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively. The simulated gross CH₄ emissions for CF and AWD from the puddling stage (2 days before transplanting) to harvest (97 days after transplanting) were 417 and 126?kg?C?ha^?1, respectively; these values were 9.8% lower and 0.76% higher, respectively, than the observed values. The simulated gross N₂O emissions during the same period were 0.0279 and 1.45?kg?N?ha^?1 for CF and AWD, respectively; these values were respectively 87% and 29% lower than the observed values. The observed total global warming potential (GWP) of AWD resulting from the CH₄ and N₂O emissions was approximately one-third of that in the CF treatment. The simulated GWPs of both CF and AWD were close to the observed values despite the discrepancy in N₂O emissions, because N₂O emissions contributed much less than CH₄ emissions to the total GWP. These results suggest that the DNDC-Rice model can be used to estimate CH₄ emission and total GWP from tropical paddy fields under both CF and AWD conditions.     

催熟、创新、集成农村能源技术支撑新农村建设

经过多年的发展,农村能源技术水平有了很大的提高,农村能源建设成为新农村建设不可或缺的中心环节。本文初步概括了在新农村建设中对农村能源技术的不同需求和农村能源技术现有发展基础,分析了农村能源技术进步的思路、方法和重点。提出了为实现社会主义新农村建设的重大战略任务,农村能源技术要在现有基础上,发掘潜力,催熟、创新、集成技术和模式,提升技术水平,适应新农村建设的多样式、多层次、多阶段的需要,发挥纽带、推动和支撑作用。     

“生产－生活－生态”农业工程技术集成模式的研究

发展现代农业促进新农村建设已成为中国新时期“三农”工作的中长期战略重点和指导方针。“生产-生活-生态”的研究就是以生产提高为主体、以生态化运行为要求、以生活改善为目标，通过分析新农村建设的功能目标、现代农业工程技术状况、技术集成边界条件特点等，获得5种典型的“生产-生活-生态”技术集成模式。这些模式的应用，可为新农村建设中实现完整、科学的“生产-生活-生态”产业循环提供理论依据和示范模式，不仅有较强的现实意义和可操作性，也将在新农村建设的推进中显示出重要的长远意义。     

基于GC-Cascade R-CNN的梨叶病斑计数方法

为提高梨叶片病害发生程度诊断的效率和准确性,本文提出基于全局上下文级联R-CNN网络（Global context Cascade R-CNN,GC-Cascade R-CNN）的梨叶病斑计数方法。模型的主干特征提取网络嵌入全局上下文模块（Global context feature model, GC-Model）,建立有效的长距离和通道依赖,增强目标特征信息。引入特征金字塔网络（Feature pyramid network, FPN）融合浅层细节特征和深层丰富语义特征。使用ROI Align替换ROI Pooling进行区域特征聚集,增强目标特征表达。最后利用多层级联网络对目标区域进行边框回归和分类,完成病斑计数任务。在梨叶病斑图像测试中,模型的各类病斑平均精确率均值（Mean average precision, mAP）达89.4%,检测单幅图像平均耗时为0.347 s。结果表明,模型能够有效地从梨叶片病害图像中检测出多类病斑目标,尤其对叶片炭疽病斑检测效果提升显著;不同种类梨叶片病害病斑计数值与真实值回归实验决定系数R²均大于0.92,表明模型病斑计数...     

乡村旅游产业集群化在现代农机资源整合中的应用 —基于低碳背景

在低碳背景下,乡村旅游产业已经初具规模,且形成了一定的产业集群化,有利于合理的分配旅游信息和服务资源,提高旅游产业的服务水平.在农机作业时,特别是在多农机作业时,利用产业集群化思想可以实现农机资源的合理调度与分配,从而提高农机的作业效率,实现多农机协同化生产作业.在农机资源调度与分配时,还可以利用智能化算法对农机的行驶...     

Y型网式过滤器堵塞过程对有机肥浓度的响应研究

为研究水肥一体化设备中用于过滤有机肥的Y型网式过滤器的堵塞规律,对Y型网式过滤器在初始流量500 L/h、水源压力117.6 k Pa下,设置25、30、40、50 g/L共4种黄腐酸钾有机肥肥液质量浓度,进行了过滤器堵塞试验,分析了Y型网式过滤器的局部水头损失与单个滤孔滤网清洁度(单个滤孔有效过水断面面积与孔隙总面积比值) S/S0的关系,并利用XRD分析了过滤器内堵塞物质的成分。结果表明:肥液质量浓度对过滤器滤网清洁度影响显著,建议肥液质量浓度不超过40 g/L;过滤器局部水头损失在S/S0减小到10%后才逐渐开始增大,过滤器局部水头损失与滤网清洁度、肥液质量浓度有关,利用多项式拟合给出了过滤器滤网清洁度与肥液质量浓度、施肥持续时间的关系式及局部水头损失与肥液质量浓度、滤网清洁度的关系式;滤网堵塞物质主要成分为硫酸钙、草酸钙。本研究结果可为水肥一体化设备中过滤器的选择提供理论参考。