温度对稻茎毛眼水蝇实验种群增长的影响

试验结果表明:在17～31℃恒温范围内,稻茎毛眼水蝇的发育速率随温度上升呈逻辑斯蒂曲线趋势。幼虫、蛹存活率、成虫产卵量、种群增长指数随温度的上升呈抛物线趋势。卵孵化率在20～31℃范围内无显著差异,均在92％以上。在17℃和35℃时,孵化率下降至86.67％和76.36％。在35℃时,幼虫不能存活,成虫不产卵。     

利用废菌糠提高覆土持水力和蘑菇产量的研究

本文利用平菇等食用菌的废菌糠 ,经适当无氧发酵等一系列处理后添加到普通泥土中 ,使其最大持水力提高至 5 1 3% ,单产提高 13 6 %     

甘肃河东春季透雨日期与海温的相关分析

利用甘肃河东和宁夏回族自治区中南部1971～2000年67个站的春季第一场透雨日期资料,用EOF和REOF方法对其做了分解,进行了透雨日期的气候分区,分析了春季第一场透雨日期的时空分布特征,并计算了其与北太平洋海温的相关关系。结果表明,北部透雨平均日期与南部透雨平均日期具有相反的趋势,北部最迟在5月下旬,南部最早在4月中旬;20世纪70年代透雨日期偏迟,80年代透雨日期偏早,90年代偏迟。透雨早的年份,春季降水偏多,透雨迟的年份,春季降水偏少;透雨日期与北太平洋海温呈显著的负相关,当北太平洋地区的海温偏高时,甘肃河东春季透雨日期偏早。当北太平洋地区的海温偏低时,甘肃河东春季透雨日期偏迟。     

采收时间对蜡蚧轮枝菌分生孢子的萌发及致病力的影响

将蜡蚧轮枝菌Vp菌株在PDA培养基上23℃黑暗培养,分别于第5、15、20、25、30天后采收。将不同时间采收的分生孢子置于2％葡萄糖培养液内培养,16 h后检测其萌发率,结果表明,采收于第5天和第15天的分生孢子萌发率分别达到89.76％和94.98％,显著高于采收于第25天(30.27％)和第30天(6.12％)的孢子的萌发率;在PDA培养基培养5 d和15 d的分生孢子在相同浓度下对温室白粉虱的致病力分别达到83.40％和74.44％,显著高于培养了30 d的分生孢子的致病力(8.76％)。     

Germination ecology of seeds of the annual weeds Capsella bursa-pastoris and Descurainia sophia originating from high northern latitudes

Low temperatures may inhibit dormancy break in seeds of winter annuals, therefore it was hypothesized that seeds of Capsella bursa‐pastoris and Descurainia sophia that mature at high latitudes in late summer–early autumn would not germinate until they had been exposed to high summer temperatures. Consequently, germination would be delayed until the second autumn. Most freshly matured seeds of both species collected in August and September in southern Sweden were dormant. After 3 weeks of burial at simulated August (20/10°C) and September (15/6°C) temperatures, 28 and 27%, respectively, of the C. bursa‐pastoris and 56 and 59%, respectively, of the D. sophia seeds germinated in light at 15/6°C. In contrast, in germination phenology studies conducted in Sweden, only a few seeds of either species germinated during the first autumn following dispersal. However, there was a peak of germination of both species the following spring, demonstrating that dormancy was lost during exposure to the low habitat temperatures between late summer and early autumn and spring. Nearly 100% of the seeds of both species subjected to simulated annual seasonal temperature changes were viable after 30.5 months of burial. In the burial study, exhumed seeds of C. bursa‐pastoris were capable of germinating to 98–100% in light at the simulated spring–autumn temperature regime (15/6°C) in both spring and autumn, while those of D. sophia did so only in autumn. In early spring, however, seeds of D. sophia germinated to 17–50% at 15/6°C. Thus, most seeds of these two annual weeds that mature in late summer do not germinate in the first autumn, but they may do so the following spring or in some subsequent autumn or spring.     

Germination ecology of Leptochloa chinensis: a new weed in the Italian rice agro-environment

Leptochloa chinensis is a new weed that has been found with increasing frequency in Italian rice paddies. The germination ecology of L. chinensis seeds was studied in order to investigate the development mechanisms and survival strategy of this weed in rice paddies of northern Italy. Leptochloa chinensis seeds showed no dormancy and exhibited germination even in anoxic conditions. Germination was strongly influenced by temperature (minimum around 15°C; optimal 25–35°C) and light (phytochrome dependent). Temperature fluctuation caused an increase of seed germination in the dark. Seed burial also strongly inhibited germination and emergence of this species. At 5 cm seed burial only 5% of seedlings emerged in flooded conditions, while at the same depth, but with no flooding, no seedling emergence was observed. This phenomenon was not due to oxygen depletion, as germination was not inhibited by complete anoxia, as demonstrated by the fact that some seedlings did emerge in flooding conditions when water was no deeper than 6 cm. Seed burial and concomitant flooding induced an unusual germination: first coleoptile emergence and subsequently emergence of the radicle was observed. The possible exploitation of this knowledge for weed management is discussed.     

Aerial seed germination and morphological characteristics of juvenile seedlings in Commelina benghalensis L.

Seed germination, seedling emergence, and the morphological characteristics of juvenile seedlings of Commelina benghalensis L. were observed. For aerial seeds collected in September and October, seedling emergence peaked in April and June for large seeds and from June to August for small seeds, whereas seedling emergence for large seeds collected in November showed peaks in March and April under natural rainfall conditions, and in April and June under irrigation conditions. Seedlings from small seeds emerged intermittently over a longer period from April to August under both conditions. Aerial seeds of C. benghalensis germinated on wet filter paper on the second day after seeding (DAS) for large seeds and the fourth DAS for small seeds. The germination percentage for large seeds was higher than that for small seeds by the 14th DAS. The germination percentage for large aerial seeds showed no significant difference between light and dark conditions. However, the percentage for small aerial seeds was higher under light than under dark conditions. Seedlings from large aerial seeds emerged on the third DAS at 0–50 mm soil depths. The percentage of emergence at 0 and 1 mm soil depths increased until the 30th DAS, whereas those at soil depths of 5–50 mm showed no change after the 9th DAS. There was no emergence at a soil depth of 100 mm. Seedlings from small aerial seeds emerged on the 6th DAS at 0–1 mm soil depths, with the percentage increasing until the 30th DAS. Although seedlings at 5 and 10 mm soil depths also emerged on the 6th DAS, there was no change in the percentage after the 12th DAS. There was no emergence at soil depths of 20–100 mm. The hypocotyl and taenia (part of the cotyledon connected to the seed) in juvenile seedlings that emerged from soil depths of 50 mm were longer than those in seedlings emerging from a soil depth of 1 mm.     

Effect of foliar-applied potassium chloride on septoria leaf blotch of winter wheat

The effect of foliar-applied potassium chloride on Septoria tritici , the anamorph of Mycosphaerella graminicola , was quantified and possible modes of action investigated during controlled-environment and field experiments. A field experiment in harvest year 1997 showed c . 50% reduction in the area of leaf 2 of winter wheat plants affected by septoria leaf blotch after foliar application of potassium chloride, compared with untreated controls. Similarly, in harvest year 1998 potassium chloride reduced, by about one-third, the area of the flag and penultimate leaf affected by S. tritici . However, a significant yield increase was not observed, although grains m⁻² did show an increase of borderline significance. Applications of epoxiconazole reduced the area of leaf 4 affected by S. tritici compared with untreated controls, whereas applications of chlorothalonil, potassium chloride or polyethylene glycol proved ineffective against disease development. This may suggest that potassium chloride is relatively immobile and possesses contact activity similar to that of chlorothalonil. In 1998, similar reductions in leaf area affected were observed with the inert osmoticum polyethylene glycol in the field, suggesting that the control provided by potassium chloride may be achieved by adverse osmotic effects on the pathogen. Scanning electron microscopy of germinating conidia on wheat plants showed inhibition of conidial germination by both potassium chloride and polyethylene glycol at the same calculated osmotic potential on the leaf surface.     

西北内陆河流域水资源利用的生态经济研究

水资源是西北内陆河流域生态环境建设和经济社会发展的控制因素,是进行各类基础设施建设的前提条件.利用生态经济学中的生态经济协调发展理论和可持续发展的思想,从生态、社会和经济3个方面对水资源开发利用的可持续性进行综合评价,找到水资源生态系统和社会经济系统的平衡点,达到生态和经济平衡,实现水资源的可持续利用.     

九种根际促生菌最适培养条件初探

测定了分离自燕麦和小麦根际九株促生菌对温度、pH值、光照及培养方式的需求,结果表明:虽然九株促生菌适应范围较广,即在5~45℃、pH4~9、3种光照条件(12h黑暗12h光照、24h光照和24h黑暗)和3种培养方式(全天振荡、间歇振荡和静止培养)下均能较好生长,但不同菌株的最适培养条件不尽相同。通过对各菌株的最适培养条件进行了测定和分析,为后续确定促生菌的最佳发酵条件和生态适应性评价提供了依据。