遗传与环境在生物进化中的关系

本文讨论了在生物进化的过程中遗传与环境的关系及遗传物质的范围和生物可塑性的问题。遗传物质的变异是进化的内因，环境对遗传物质的变异起到诱发与筛选的作用，进化后的生物对环境又有反作用。     

210国道榆林至陕蒙交界段建设的生态环境影响评价

在简要分析榆林至陕蒙交界段生态环境对公路及公路建设的影响的基础上 ,重点论述了公路建设在建设期和营运期对当地生态环境的影响 ,并对公路建设前后水土流失与土地沙化状况进行了预测 ,最后提出水土保持与防沙护路的方案。结论是 :只要把公路建设与生态环境建设相结合 ,重视生态环境的保护与建设 ,该公路建设和营运对生态环境的不利影响是很小的 ,而且 ,由于公路建设本身的需要所采取的防沙护路措施 ,会使公路沿线的生态环境更好     

额济纳旗浅层地下水环境研究

通过 2 0 0 3年 4- 5月在黑河下游额济纳分两条路线 (a -a’和b -b’)采集水样 ,分析了额济纳现状水资源特征。远离河道区域水化学类型有HCO3·SO4-Na、Cl·SO4-Na·Ca、HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca和SO4·Cl-Na ;在河道附近或河道地区水化学类型主要是SO4·HCO3-Na ,类型单一 ;研究区矿化度和各离子含量随距离补给源的远近增减而升降 ,表明它们主要依赖于上游补给水量 ;同时 ,额济纳地处干旱区 ,降雨稀少 ,该区植被的生长发育主要依靠浅层地下水 ,地下水环境的改变直接导致了区域生态的变化。     

不同覆盖方式对旱地玉米田土壤环境及玉米产量的影响

分析普通地膜覆盖、小麦秸秆覆盖及露地栽培3种不同处理对旱地玉米田土壤环 境、玉米产量构成因素的影响,结果表明:覆盖栽培能改善土壤环境,降低土壤容重,提高土壤 水分利用率,调节土温、湿度,协调水热资源利用的同步性;秸秆覆盖能增加土壤养分含量,特 别是速效钾含量;在玉米生长后期,提高叶面积指数,延长叶片功能,提高玉米的光合能力从而 防止玉米早衰,增加穗重,提高玉米产量。     

Including an additional systematic environmental effect within a generation in an evaluation model improves accuracy of prediction of breeding values in a closed herd of pigs

The present study evaluated the advantage of mixed‐model techniques over a selection index under different magnitudes of an additional systematic environmental effect (ASEE) in terms of accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain. The data attempted to simulate a closed herd in a pig breeding program. The base population (G₀) consisted of 10 males and 50 females. Six generations (G₀ to G₅) were selected by using a selection index of three traits without overlapping. Additional systematic environmental constants with four levels in a generation were assigned from a uniform distribution at different ranges. Breeding values of animals in the last generation (G₅) were estimated on the basis of an index of individual phenotype (SI‐U), SI‐U adjusted for ASEE using a least‐squares mean (SI‐A), best linear unbiased prediction using an animal model excluding ASEE (AM‐E), and an animal model including ASEE (AM‐I). Accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain were larger by the animal model than by the selection index, even if heritability of the traits selected was high and ASEE was set to zero. When ASEE was zero, the accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain given by SI‐U and AM‐I were similar to those given by SI‐A and AM‐E, respectively. However, the differences in accuracy and expected gain between SI‐U and AI‐A and between AM‐I and AM‐E increased as the range of ASEE increased. It was concluded that selection based on an animal model was more effective than index selection, even if the herd environment was uniform and traits with high heritability were selected, and that it should be always included in an evaluation model, however slight any systematic environmental effect may be in a closed herd.     

酵母铬与L-肉碱对蛋鸡生产性能及脂质代谢的影响

选用21周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡288只,随机分为9组,每组32只,采用3×3(铬×L-肉碱)2因子3水平有重复交叉试验设计,预试2周后,在玉米-豆粕型日粮的基础上添加不同水平的酵母铬(以铬计:0、400、600μg/kg)与L-肉碱(0、50、100mg/kg),以饲喂基础日粮组为对照组,用以研究二者对蛋鸡生产性能及脂质代谢的影响,并初步探讨二者的互作效应,试验期7周。结果表明:600μg/kg铬或100mg/kgL-肉碱对脂质代谢多数指标效果显著(P<0.05或0.01);二者同时添加对蛋黄胆固醇、肝脏甘油三酯及腹脂率等均产生显著互作效应(P=0.0003～0.0500),且400μg/kg铬和100mg/kgL-肉碱混合添加对降低蛋黄胆固醇比其它各组均表现出优势,400μg/kg铬和50mg/kgL-肉碱混合添加对降低腹脂率比其它各组均表现出优势。铬或(与)L-肉碱在降低蛋鸡肝脂、腹脂及蛋黄胆固醇的同时并未影响蛋鸡的生产性能。     

The potential for the Rapid Screening of Potato Cultivars (Solanum tuberosum) for Resistance to Powdery Scab (Spongospora subterranea) using a Laboratory Bioassay

Powdery scab of potato, once established in a field, is difficult to control because of the longevity of the resting spores (cystosori) of the causal organism, Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea. Host resistance is likely to be the most efficient in a long-term control strategy for preventing build-up of field inoculum and spread of the disease. Resistance screening of potato cultivars is mostly done in laborious field trials where disease development is likely to be unpredictable. A bioassay with potato tissue cultured plantlets and cystosori as inoculum is described and was tested for its potential to screen potato cultivars at an early stage for their relative susceptibility to powdery scab by comparing the lab results with field data. With cystosori inoculum of Swiss origin, the laboratory test showed clear differences between the potato cultivars in the severity of zoosporangial root infection which correlated better with ranked tuber infection data, compared to root galling. There are apparent differences in the relative trends in susceptibility between roots and tubers of five selected cultivars when using naturally infested soil instead of prepared cystosori as inoculum in the lab bioassay. Furthermore, differences in the severity of zoosporangial root infection of two selected cultivars were found when cystosori from different countries where used as inoculum. A possible host genotype × pathogen interaction is discussed. The bioassay has the potential to screen and select for resistant material at an early breeding stage thus making field trials not unnecessary but more economical. It will allow the use of a standard set of pathogen collections and facilitate testing for inoculum virulence in infested soils.     

黑豆豆芽工厂化生产关键技术研究

利用黑龙江黑豆、吉林黑豆、上海黑豆3个黑豆品种进行工厂化生产的最佳品种和孵化环境条件试验。结果表明，黑龙江黑豆最适合工厂化生产，其生产最佳孵化环境为：孵化车间采用淋水间隔3.5 h、温度控制在23~25℃、湿度保持在75%以上，发芽后84 h 采收最适宜。     

Research Progress on Influence Factors of Mutton Quality

Meat quality means the characteristics such as appearance is related to palatability in fresh meat or manufactured meat, it includes meat color, meat structure, hardness, marbling, water holding capacity and so on.The physical characteristics of mutton quality determines the consumer acceptability of meat and there is a close relationship between chemical composition of mutton quality and nutrient substance.With the improvement of living standards, consumers are increasingly high demand for mutton.From quantitative to qualitative change, we need to continuously improve mutton quality.At present, the production of high quality animal products has become a hot topic.This paper is a summary of the effects of breed, gender, age, environment and feed nutrition on mutton quality, and aims to provide a scientific basis for improving of mutton quality with nutritional regulation measures.