塔里本盆地北部全新世地层中的孢粉组合与古环境

通过对塔里木盆地北部全新世地层中２７块样品的孢粉分析，根据其组合特征并结合表土花粉分析，本区全新世以来除了塔里木河中游隐域性植被成分随着河流改道变化频繁外，两侧显域性的早生、超旱生荒漠植被成分无明显变化，它们的生境反映了气候环境总的形势是持续干旱的。但全新世地层中孢粉种属和丰度的变化，蒿属、藜科和麻黄花粉相对数量的增减也说明了在干旱背景中本区气候有微弱的干湿波动，表现为全新世早期和晚期气候偏凉湿，中期气候干暖，但干暖期鼎盛阶段略湿。     

中国土地沙漠化对大气CO_2含量的影响

本文根据我国不同地区沙漠化类型的面积、土壤有机碳的含量及沙漠化的正逆转速率，计算了我国沙漠化土地中有机碳的变动。结果表明，我国沙漠化土地０－５０ｃｍ土层中有机碳的，总贮量为７５３．１４３Ｍｔ，近４０年来因土地沙漠化而释放到大气中的ＣＯ２，总量达１７３．２８６Ｍｔ，而逆转过程中固定的ＣＯ２量为５９．１２４Ｍｔ碳，所以，近４０年来我国沙漠化土地净释放到大气中的ＣＯ２量为１２４．４７５Ｍｔ碳，占全球温带和寒带土地每年释放ＣＯ２量１３３Ｍｔ碳的９３．５％。     

博斯腾湖生态环境的演变

本文叙述了近30年来博斯腾湖水位、容积、水质、芦苇资源、渔业资源、水生生物等的变化,并对博斯腾湖未来的环境演变作了预测。     

中国与欧美农业科技创新体系对比研究

农业科技创新发展已成为推动现代农业发展的重要原动力。近年来,中国步入农业科技创新发展的快车道,为探寻建立健全中国农业科技创新体系的路径与方法,对美国、英国、德国与中国的农业科技创新体系进行对比。结果表明：①农业产业的特殊性决定农业科技创新体系的特殊性,农业科技创新主体、农业科技创新环境、农业科技创新成果与应用、农业科技创新国际合作相互作用,构成完整的农业科技创新体系。②产学研紧密结合是美国农业科技创新体系的突出特点,英国则是注重政府引导、信息共享与知识服务,德国是信息化生态型农业科技创新体系代表,注重信息引领与绿色、可持续发展。③与欧美农业科技创新体系相比,我国农业科技创新体系仍存在一些不足,未来可从协调统筹、规划建设、队伍与机制建设等方面入手,全面推动我国农业科技创新体系发展建设。     

聚类分析在家畜引种中的应用

本文以小尾寒羊为例，应用聚类分析的方法对三十一个生态区域的八个气候因子进行了分类研究，介绍了聚类分析在家畜引种中的应用。结果表明，这三十一个生态区域可以分为六类，凡与小尾寒羊原产地分为同一类的生态区域可以引种小尾寒羊，其他类的生态区域不宜引种小尾寒羊。     

四川狗尾草属与狼尾草属的研究

四川狗尾草属有10种(包括1个变种),约为我国13种(包括2个变种)的77％。狼尾草属有4种,约为我国9种的44％。本文对两属的分类、分布、生态环境及经济用途等进行了描述。     

关于"人居环境"的几点认识

本文通过"人居环境"应体现现代城市的概念、创造不同形式的完美居住景观、体现人文思想等的论述,阐明了设计者应运用现代城市设计理论与方法进行居住空间设计.     

创造优秀教师脱颖而出的环境

优秀教师是高等教育事业建设的宝贵财富,高校领导必须尊重他们,使用他们。这样,就得创造一个让他们尽情发挥才能的环境。要做到这些,高校领导需要有尊师爱才之心,有识才之智,有容才之量,有用人之识。只有创造一个优秀教师人才脱颖而出的环境,我们的高校才能兴旺发达,才能步入“世界一流”的行列。     

Modulation of sodium channels by the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

The effects of the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite (DCJW) on tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) voltage-gated sodium channels in rat dorsal ganglion neurons were studied using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed the peak amplitude of action potentials, and DCJW exhibited a faster time course and higher potency than indoxacarb in the blocking effects. In voltage-clamp experiments, indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed TTX-R sodium currents in a time-dependent manner without a steady-state level of suppression. IC50 values for indoxacarb and DCJW on TTX-R sodium currents were estimated to be 10.7 and 0.8 microM after 25 min of bath application, respectively. DCJW was about 10 times more potent than indoxacarb in blocking TTX-R sodium currents. Although the suppressive effects of indoxacarb were partially reversible after washout with drug-free external solution, no recovery of sodium current was observed in DCJW treated neurons after prolonged washout. In current-voltage relationships, both indoxacarb and DCJW blocked the sodium currents to the same degree in the entire range of membrane potentials. The sodium conductance-voltage curve was not shifted along the voltage axis by indoxacarb and DCJW at 10 microM. In contrast, the steady-state inactivation curves were shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction by indoxacarb as well as by DCJW. Based on these results, it was concluded that indoxacarb and DCJW potently blocked the TTX-R sodium channel in rat DRG neurons with hyperpolarizing shifts of the steady-state inactivation curves, suggesting preferential association of the insecticides to the inactivated state of sodium channels. The small structural variation between indoxacarb and DCJW resulted in clear differences in potency for blocking sodium channels and reversibility after washout.     

Tank-mix adjuvants and pesticide residues: some regulatory and quantitative aspects

Although it is well known that judicious use of adjuvants can increase the performance of foliage-applied sprays of many agrochemicals, little information is available in the public domain about their ultimate effects on pesticide residues in treated crops. In the present work, the influence of Agral (polyoxyethylene nonylphenols), Toil (methyl esters of rapeseed fatty acids) and Bond (styrene-butadiene copolymers) on surface and crop residues of diclofop-methyl/diclofop and propiconazole in wheat and field beans was investigated using a model system simulating field practice. Pesticides were applied as commercial formulations, diclofop-methyl 378 g litre(-1) EC (Hoegrass) and propiconazole 250 g litre(-1) EC (Tilt), at their maximum approved rates, 1135 g AI ha(-1) and 125 g AI ha(-1), respectively, both in the presence or absence of the maximum rate recommended for each candidate adjuvant. No detectable residues of diclofop-methyl or propiconazole were found in wheat 35 days after any of the four applications. However, residues of diclofop were present in this crop, and those from applications containing Agral (0.07 mg kg(-1) fresh weight (FW)) or Bond (0.08 mg kg(-1) FW) were significantly lower than those with no adjuvant (0.14 mg kg(-1) FW) or Toil (0.16 mg kg(-1) FW). Unlike wheat, residues of both diclofop and propiconazole were detected in field beans after harvest. Significantly higher residues of the former were recorded from the applications with Agral or Bond (ca 0.32 mg kg(-1) FW) than with those with no adjuvant or Toil (ca 0.15mg kg(-1) FW). All the propiconazole applications containing adjuvants showed a similar significant increase in residues (0.10-0.16 mg AI kg(-1) FW) over the no-adjuvant treatment (0.05 mg kg(-1) FW) in this crop. There appeared to be little agreement between the apparent amounts of uptake, as indicated by the rates of decline of surface residues up to 5 days after application, and final residues in either target species. On wheat, surface residues of diclofop-methyl decreased from initially ca 20 to as little as 0.02 mg kg(-1) FW using adjuvants; the corresponding values for propiconazole were ca 2 to ca 0.03 mg kg(-1) FW. Recoveries of diclofop-methyl from the surfaces of field beans were much higher than those from wheat, declining from ca 30 to only ca 6 mg kg(-1) FW during the course of 5 days; the corresponding residues for propiconazole were ca 2 mg to 0.15 mg kg(-1) FW. These findings are discussed in relation to uptake results obtained with radiolabelled pesticides and adjuvants in the laboratory, and to the mandatory requirements for pesticide residue data for the authorised use of adjuvants in the UK.