Research on ways to improve crop productivity through the regulation of rhizosphere environments

ABSTRACT

In this mini review, the importance of rhizosphere is focused. As the rhizosphere is underneath the soil, the analytical approach is still required from the viewpoints of understanding the interaction among root, soil and its interface. For this purpose, multi omics approach has been carried out with the effort to visualize the active rhizosphere area.     

单细胞微生物基因组学研究

本文介绍了单细胞微生物基因组测序 ,全基因组序列的注释 ,以及基因组进一步研究的主要内容     

Faba bean breeding for resistance against biotic stresses: Towards application of marker technology

Summary Faba beans are adversely affected by numerous fungal diseases leading to a steady reduction in the cultivated area in many countries. Major diseases such as Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae), rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae), chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), downy mildew (Peornospora viciae) and foot rots (Fusarium spp.) are considered to be the major constraints to the crop. Importantly, broomrape (Orobanche crenata), a very aggressive parasitic angiosperm, is the most damaging and widespread enemy along the Mediterranean basin and Northern Africa. Recent mapping studies have allowed the identification of genes and QTLs controlling resistance to some of these diseases. In case of broomrape, 3 QTLs explained more than 70% of the phenotypic variance of the trait. Concerning Ascochyta, two QTLs located in chromosomes 2 and 3 explained 45% of variation. A second population sharing the susceptible parental line also revealed two QTLs, one of them likely sharing chromosomal location and jointly contributing with a similar percentage of the total phenotypic variance. Finally, several RAPD markers linked to a gene determining hypersensitive resistance to race 1 of the rust fungus U. viciae-fabae have also been reported. The aim of this paper is to review the state of the art of gene technology for genetic improvement of faba bean against several important biotic stresses. Special emphasis is given on the application of marker technology, and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis for Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) in the species. Finally, the potential use of genomic tools to facilitate breeding in the species is discussed. The combined approach should expedite the future development of lines and cultivars with multiple disease resistance, one of the top priorities in faba bean research programs.     

Chickpea molecular breeding: New tools and concepts

Summary Chickpea is a cool season grain legume of exceptionally high nutritive value and most versatile food use. It is mostly grown under rain fed conditions in arid and semi-arid areas around the world. Despite growing demand and high yield potential, chickpea yield is unstable and productivity is stagnant at unacceptably low levels. Major yield increases could be achieved by development and use of cultivars that resist/tolerate abiotic and biotic stresses. In recent years the wide use of early maturing cultivars that escape drought stress led to significant increases in chickpea productivity. In the Mediterranean region, yield could be increased by shifting the sowing date from spring to winter. However, this is hampered by the sensitivity of the crop to low temperatures and the fungal pathogen Ascochyta rabiei. Drought, pod borer (Helicoverpa spp.) and the fungus Fusarium oxysporum additionally reduce harvests there and in other parts of the world. Tolerance to rising salinity will be a future advantage in many regions. Therefore, chickpea breeding focuses on increasing yield by pyramiding genes for resistance/tolerance to the fungi, to pod borer, salinity, cold and drought into elite germplasm. Progress in breeding necessitates a better understanding of the genetics underlying these traits. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) would allow a better targeting of the desired genes. Genetic mapping in chickpea, for a long time hampered by the little variability in chickpea’s genome, is today facilitated by highly polymorphic, co-dominant microsatellite-based markers. Their application for the genetic mapping of traits led to inter-laboratory comparable maps. This paper reviews the current situation of chickpea genome mapping, tagging of genes for ascochyta blight, fusarium wilt resistance and other traits, and requirements for MAS. Conventional breeding strategies to tolerate/avoid drought and chilling effects at flowering time, essential for changing from spring to winter sowing, are described. Recent approaches and future prospects for functional genomics of chickpea are discussed.     

南瓜矮生基因Bu的比较定位

 以中国南瓜矮生突变体为供体亲本,以印度蔓生南瓜为轮回亲本,构建了BC6F2分离群体。利用黄瓜基因组序列,将南瓜矮生基因Bu比较定位至黄瓜5号染色体,并开发了一个新的PCR标记IF3629,该标记与矮生基因Bu连锁遗传距离为1.0 cM。该标记不仅可以用于分子标记辅助选择育种,而且为Bu基因的克隆奠定了基础。     

大麦EMS突变群体的创建及功能评价

为开展麦类作物功能基因组学研究,选用综合性状突出的大麦品种Tamalpais,通过化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS)处理,创建了含有10 389个M2单株的突变群体。该群体数据分析表明,温室条件下,6.21%的M2幼苗呈现叶片颜色变异;大田实验中,M2群体出现丰富的表型变异,主要包括幼苗匍匐、分蘖、株高、生育期、叶色、叶形、叶条纹、叶斑、穗部特征、育性等,其中幼苗匍匐、分蘖、株高、叶色、叶条纹、叶斑的突变频率分别为0.11%、6.03%、0.13%、2.5%、0.18%、0.17%。抽样调查显示,M2世代的胚坏死率较低,仅有9%左右的单株表现出过半的胚坏死率。运用TILLING技术成功获得大麦COI1同源基因的突变体,筛选结果同时表明,该突变群体的突变频率约为平均每673kb一个点突变。因此,Tamal-pais群体突变表型丰富、TILLING检测可行,可作为麦类作物基因图位克隆与功能验证的重要素材,适用于麦类作物的正向和反向遗传学研究。     

生物信息学研究进展

随着计算机科学和生物科学的迅猛发展,由此而诞生的生物信息学逐渐发展成为一门独立的学科。它将会成为21世纪生命科学中的重要研究领域之一。本文简单介绍了生物信息学的产生,发展,研究内容,应用及未来的发展方向等。     

湖南省蔬菜质量现状分析及其治理对策

中国作为农业大国,国家的安宁稳定与粮食生产及安全密不可分。农药使用在保障农作物高产稳产的同时,其与环境安全和食品安全的矛盾也越来越突出,因而对农药风险评估与管理的研究正日益受到研究者的关注。多组学技术已在生命科学及医药学等领域得到迅猛发展,但其在农药风险评估和致毒机制研究中的应用尚处于起步阶段,未来发展空间较大。文章重点比较分析了基因组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学及表观遗传学等组学方法在农药致毒分子机制研究方面的进展及优劣,根据研究发现的各种关键性生物标志物及其重要调控信号路径,综合探讨了基于多组学技术的农药对非靶标生物的毒性作用机制,以及多组学技术在农药风险管理中的应用。     

竹子光合作用研究进展

介绍了在竹子光合作用方面已进行过研究的主要竹种;总结了已研究竹种光合作用的规律和基本特征,分别阐述了不同生长环境和生理生态因子对竹种光合作用的影响;介绍和讨论了植物光合作用研究的最新手段、方法和趋势;提出了竹子光合作用研究的新思路。着重阐述了竹子光合作用进一步深入研究的首要内容及应采取的研究方法,展望了竹子光合作用研究的蛋白组学方法和功能基因组学方法,以及应用于生产实践的前景。     

Analysis of the population genetics of the Yangtze finless porpoise population in the Poyang Lake Basin: Insight of conservation recommendations

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