竹子光合作用研究进展

介绍了在竹子光合作用方面已进行过研究的主要竹种；总结了已研究竹种光合作用的规律和基本特征，分别阐述了不同生长环境和生理生态因子对竹种光合作用的影响；介绍和讨论了植物光合作用研究的最新手段、方法和趋势；提出了竹子光合作用研究的新思路。着重阐述了竹子光合作用进一步深入研究的首要内容及应采取的研究方法，展望了竹子光合作用研究的蛋白组学方法和功能基因组学方法，以及应用于生产实践的前景。     

Genome-wide genetic dissection of germplasm resources and implications for breeding by design in soybean

“Breeding by Design” as a concept described by Peleman and van der Voort aims to bring together superior alleles for all genes of agronomic importance from potential genetic resources. This might be achievable through high-resolution allele detection based on precise QTL (quantitative trait locus/loci) mapping of potential parental resources. The present paper reviews the works at the Chinese National Center for Soybean Improvement (NCSI) on exploration of QTL and their superior alleles of agronomic traits for genetic dissection of germplasm resources in soybeans towards practicing “Breeding by Design”. Among the major germplasm resources, i.e. released commercial cultivar (RC), farmers’ landrace (LR) and annual wild soybean accession (WS), the RC was recognized as the primary potential adapted parental sources, with a great number of new alleles (45.9%) having emerged and accumulated during the 90 years’ scientific breeding processes. A mapping strategy, i.e. a full model procedure (including additive (A), epistasis (AA), A × environment (E) and AA × E effects), scanning with QTLNetwork2.0 and followed by verification with other procedures, was suggested and used for the experimental data when the underlying genetic model was usually unknown. In total, 110 data sets of 81 agronomically important traits were analyzed for their QTL, with 14.5% of the data sets showing major QTL (contribution rate more than 10.0% for each QTL), 55.5% showing a few major QTL but more small QTL, and 30.0% having only small QTL. In addition to the detected QTL, the collective unmapped minor QTL sometimes accounted for more than 50% of the genetic variation in a number of traits. Integrated with linkage mapping, association mappings were conducted on germplasm populations and validated to be able to provide complete information on multiple QTL and their multiple alleles. Accordingly, the QTL and their alleles of agronomic traits for large samples of RC, LR and WS were identified and then the QTL-allele matrices were established. Based on which the parental materials can be chosen for complementary recombination among loci and alleles to make the crossing plans genetically optimized. This approach has provided a way towards breeding by design, but the accuracy will depend on the precision of the loci and allele matrices.     

林木遗传育种基础研究热点述评

林木由于世代周期长、个体高大、遗传负荷高等自身固有的一些特性,一直被认为是一种非常难以操作的遗传学材料,导致林木遗传育种在基础研究方面远远滞后于模式动、植物和其他重要作物,成为限制林木遗传改良进程的主要因素。分子育种是突破林木育种周期长的关键技术,通过基因组学研究,分析和阐明林木基因的功能是进行林木分子育种设计的前提。近年来随着生命科学领域新技术的快速发展,林木遗传育种基础研究也出现一些新的热点。本文主要阐述林木基因组和功能基因组学、连锁与关联分析、木材形成机制及分子育种技术的研究进展,虽然目前相关研究成果实际应用的条件还不成熟,但作为技术储备是急需加强的研究方向。     

RNA干扰技术及其应用研究

RNA干涉作用,是生物界一种古老而且进化上高度保守的现象,是基因转录后沉默作用(PTGS)的重要机制之一.它能定向关闭生物体内某一基因,使其不发挥作用,同时不影响其他基因的功能,便于研究特定基因的功能.在后基因组时代的基因功能研究、基因治疗和药物开发中具有广阔的应用前景.     

Genomics,genetics and breeding of tropical legumes for better livelihoods of smallholder farmers

Legumes are important components of sustainable agricultural production, food, nutrition and income systems of developing countries. In spite of their importance, legume crop production is challenged by a number of biotic (diseases and pests) and abiotic stresses (heat, frost, drought and salinity), edaphic factors (associated with soil nutrient deficits) and policy issues (where less emphasis is put on legumes compared to priority starchy staples). Significant research and development work have been done in the past decade on important grain legumes through collaborative bilateral and multilateral projects as well as the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes (CRP‐GL). Through these initiatives, genomic resources and genomic tools such as draft genome sequence, resequencing data, large‐scale genomewide markers, dense genetic maps, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and diagnostic markers have been developed for further use in multiple genetic and breeding applications. Also, these mega‐initiatives facilitated release of a number of new varieties and also dissemination of on‐the‐shelf varieties to the farmers. More efforts are needed to enhance genetic gains by reducing the time required in cultivar development through integration of genomics‐assisted breeding approaches and rapid generation advancement.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

香蕉基因组学研究20年：成就与挑战

香蕉基因组学研究已逾20年,取得了一些进展。本文从全基因组测序、亚基因组分化、基因水平上的染色体结构变异、多倍体背景下的染色体交换及基因组扩张与功能等5个方面,论述了香蕉基因组学研究取得的进展,并对未来基因组学研究的重点方向进行了展望。     

A PCR diagnostic assay for rapid detection of plant pathogenic pseudomonads

Molecular detection of phytopathogens is increasingly being applied to identify regulated organisms at the border in many parts of the world. However, even with molecular tests, complete phenotyping and identification of a strain is often time consuming and sometimes inconclusive. In this study, a leaf-based pathogenicity test was used to separate pseudomonads into two groups, Group A containing pathogens, and Group B containing saprotrophs. Comparative genomics of 56 pseudomonad genomes from different plant hosts (including 29 strains from kiwifruit) agreed with kiwifruit pathogenicity test results, placing pathogens into Group A and saprotrophs into Group B. Sixteen loci were found unique to Group A. A PCR assay was developed for amplification of one of these loci, the trehalose phosphatase gene. The generation of this 655 bp amplicon was associated with production of water-soaked lesions on inoculated kiwifruit leaves by pseudomonads in Group A. This test was validated for further strains from all seven pathogenic Pseudomonas phylogroups, non-pathogenic pseudomonads, and other bacterial genera. The sensitivity of the PCR was comparable to the limit of recovery of pseudomonads by culturing. This simple PCR assay could be used as part of a testing pipeline at the border and for general surveillance for screening plants with and without symptoms, offering the potential to detect uncharacterized pseudomonads that may pose a biosecurity risk. The method was shown to be able to rapidly identify pathogens cultured from plant material with symptoms, or, more importantly, to detect pathogens directly from plant tissue.     

斑点叉尾鮰源嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的全基因组测序及比较基因组学

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌是近年来引起斑点叉尾鮰暴发高致死性传染病的主要病原之一。为了对防治该病提供技术储备,本研究对嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌 XH.SM.1菌株进行全基因组测序与比较基因组学分析,同时用扫描电镜观察其超微形态特征。电镜观察显示,XH.SM.1为两端钝圆的短杆状细菌,菌体平均长度(1.73±0.35)μm,平均直径(0.43±0.04)μm。全基因组测序得到XH.SM.1基因组大小为4.56 Mb,GC含量为66.60%,编码4087个基因。将基因组序列上传NCBI,得到登录号:PYBO01000001.1。通过与VFDB数据库比对,预测得到3个可信度较高的毒力基因。共线性分析结果显示XH.SM.1与10株完成图水平的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌有较好的共线性。ARDB数据库预测和基因组岛分析,共同发现XH.SM.1基因组中含有许多耐药基因。泛基因组分析显示XH.SM.1呈现开放性(open)结果,这与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌为环境常在的条件致病菌的表型相吻合,说明其适应环境和与外界进行遗传物质交流的能力较好。