根际固氮微生物功能基因组及微生物肥料研究进展

固氮微生物为植物提供了大量的氮素来源,开展生物固氮的研究对缓解我国粮食短缺、能源消耗、环境污染等重大社会问题具有重要意义。综述了国际上关于固氮微生物功能基因组学以及微生物肥料产业的发展状况,并以巴西、阿根廷等国家在农业生产中的节肥增产的成功经验进行了案例分析。针对目前我国微生物肥料产业的发展状况以及行业前景提出了建设性意见,认为在功能基因组学平台上加强对固氮微生物基因表达调控及与宿主互作机制的研究将为后续开发性能优良的高效固氮、综合抗逆的固氮微生物工程菌株奠定重要理论基础。     

RNA干扰技术在小麦中的应用研究进展

小麦是六倍体,其染色体组中存在着大量的同源基因,其育种的主要目标是获得可遗传的优良性状.RNA干扰(RNAi)是指由双链RNA介导的转录后基因沉默.该技术具有两大特点:一是可同时沉默多基因家族及多倍体中的同源基因;二是其沉默效应可在后代中稳定遗传.这使得RNAi在小麦功能基因组学和品质改良研究中的应用具有独特优势.本文对RNAi在小麦功能基因组学和品质改良研究中的应用及研究进展进行了总结,指出了目前存在的问题,并阐明了RNAi在小麦研究中的应用前景.     

茄科植物比较基因组学研究进展

综述了茄科4种主要蔬菜作物番茄、马铃薯、辣椒和茄子比较基因组学的研究进展,包括其基因组大小、结构、基因重排及演化,R基因在茄科植物中的分布与共线性,花青素基因、果实相关性状QTLs的同源性比较等,并对比较基因组学的发展前景进行了展望。     

稻瘟病菌T-DNA插入的突变表型分析

PCR技术检测28个形态发育和致病性相关T-DNA插入突变体，结果所有突变体均含磷酸转移酶基因序列。对这些突变体展开进一步生物学性状观察，发现15个颜色异常，8个菌落生长缓慢，2个分生孢子形态异常，2个附着胞形态异常，3个不能形成附着胞。致病性测定结果，9个突变体完全不能导致抗瘟（C101）和感瘟（日本晴）水稻苗致病，病害级别均为0级。用标准菌株1528和P131测定突变体有性世代的形成能力，结果发现， Y34-0211、Y34-1469和Y34-0635 3个突变体完全丧失产生有性世代的能力。     

家禽重要性状的基因组学研究与应用现状

近一个世纪的传统选育使家禽的各项生产性能接近表型选育极限,基因组学领域的发展成为突破这一瓶颈的新途径。自2004年第一个鸡的基因组草图发布以来,鸡、鸭、鹅等家禽的基因组参考序列在近年相继发布,且质量逐步提升。基于家禽高质量的基因组参考序列,研究学者进一步对家禽的重要性状展开了系列研究,这些研究加速了我们对家禽重要性状的认识和理解,并为在家禽基因组选择育种中应用筛选出有效的分子标记。本文就家禽的基因组参考序列研究、重要性状的基因组学研究及其应用进行综述。     

Identification of the putative ancestral allele of bovine single‐nucleotide polymorphisms

Identifying the action of natural selection from patterns of standing genetic variation has long been of interest to the population genetic community. Thanks to the availability of large single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data sets for many species and of high‐throughput SNP genotyping methods, whole‐genomic surveys to detect selective sweeps are now possible. Knowing the ancestral allele increases the power to detect selection. We present here a comparative genomic approach to determine the putative ancestral allele of bovine SNPs deposited in public databases. We analysed 19 551 488 SNPs and identified the putative ancestral allele for 14 339 107 SNPs. Our predicted ancestral alleles were in agreement with ancestral alleles detected by genotyping outgroup species for 97% SNPs from the BovineSNP50 BeadChip. This comparison indicates that our comparative genomic‐based approach to identify putative ancestral alleles is reliable.     

微生物药物的研究与开发综述

在临床上,微生物药物是一类应用非常广泛的药物,在抗感染、抗肿瘤、血糖调节、降血脂及器官移植等临床治疗中发挥着重要的作用。该文对微生物药物的发展历程、特点、资源研究及开发等方面进行了论述。     

Functional genomics of microspore embryogenesis

Isolated plant microspores, when stressed and cultured in vitro, can be diverted from their normal gametophytic pathway towards sporophytic development, with the formation of haploid embryos and ultimately doubled-haploid plants. This process is called androgenesis or microspore embryogenesis, and is widely used in plant breeding programmes to generate homozygous lines for breeding purposes. Protocols for the induction of microspore embryogenesis and the subsequent regeneration of doubled haploid (DH) plants have been successfully developed for more than 200 species. These practical advances stand in stark contrast to our knowledge of the underlying molecular genetic mechanism controlling this process. The majority of information regarding the genetic and molecular control of the developmental switch from gametophytic to sporophytic development has been garnered from four intensely studied (crop) plants comprising two dicotyledonous species, rapeseed (Brassica napus) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and two monocotyledonous species, wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). In these species the efficiency of microspore embryogenesis is very high and reproducible, making them suitable models for molecular studies. In the past, molecular studies on microspore embryogenesis have focussed mainly on the identification of genes that are differentially expressed during this developmental transition and/or early in embryo development, and have identified a number of genes whose expression marks or predicts the developmental fate of stressed microspores. More recently, functional genomics approaches have been used to obtain a broad overview of the molecular processes that take place during the establishment of microspore embryogenesis. In this review we summarise accumulated molecular data obtained in rapeseed, tobacco, wheat and barley on embryogenic induction of microspores and define common aspects involved in the androgenic switch.     

棉花产量与品质改进新对策

世界经济形势对棉花作为主导的纺织纤维来源提出了挑战.过去10年中,世界棉花的丰产性育种进展不大,棉农种植棉花的收益较低,棉花生产效益不稳.从目前单产水平的这种停滞状态可看出在多年的育种进程中,棉花从种植到成熟过程中产量组分所受到的生理限制.就改进产量的育种对策而言,注重产量组分比之注重衣分或铃数更为重要,此外应注重的是棉株的生理特性,如种子的含油量.而在产量处于徘徊的这段时期,经济的竞争使世界纺纱与纺织技术加速改进,以满足棉纤维品质的需求.在棉纤维加工过程中,短绒(12.7mm及以下绒长)的问题往往是造成棉纱拉力降低,尤其是对气流纺织技术.随着乌斯特公司"高级纤维信息系统"R的问世,已可以在对棉纤维长度分类时直接对棉短绒含量进行测定.本文的目的是讨论如何在保持现有纤维品质的前提下,采用新的技术与对策进一步提高产量.