气候变化对宝鸡地区植被覆盖时空演变的影响

植被覆盖变化及其对气候因子的响应研究是一个长期、复杂的动态过程,本研究基于MODIS NDVI数据和宝鸡气象局11个气象站点的气候因子（气温、降水量）数据,运用趋势和相关分析法等探讨宝鸡地区近13年植被覆盖的时空变化规律及与年均温和年降水量之间的相互关系,为区域农业发展和生态文明建设工作提供了理论支撑。结果表明：（1）宝鸡地区近13a年均NDVI以0.025/10 a的速度上升,较快于三北防护林工程区1982—2006年植被覆盖的增速(0.007/10 a),且出现2001—2002年、2003—2004年两次高恢复期;（2）多年NDVI高值区集中于太白河和湑水河之间的太白县南部地区。千河沿岸及渭河流域宝鸡段的宝鸡市、宝鸡县、凤翔、岐山南北沿岸的“带状”地区,植被覆盖最低;（3）全区植被覆盖与气温较显著正相关像元占15.016% (P<0.05),与降水量较显著正相关像元占16.872% (P<0.05),相关性均较好。     

Pigeonpea improvement: An amalgam of breeding and genomic research

In the past five decades, constant research has been directed towards yield improvement in pigeonpea resulting in the deployment of several commercially acceptable cultivars in India. Though, the genesis of hybrid technology, the biggest breakthrough, enigma of stagnant productivity still remains unsolved. To sort this productivity disparity, genomic research along with conventional breeding was successfully initiated at ICRISAT. It endowed ample genomic resource providing insight in the pigeonpea genome combating production constraints in a precise and speedy manner. The availability of the draft genome sequence with a large‐scale marker resource, oriented the research towards trait mapping for flowering time, determinacy, fertility restoration, yield attributing traits and photo‐insensitivity. Defined core and mini‐core collection, still eased the pigeonpea breeding being accessible for existing genetic diversity and developing stress resistance. Modern genomic tools like next‐generation sequencing, genome‐wide selection helping in the appraisal of selection efficiency is leading towards next‐generation breeding, an awaited milestone in pigeonpea genetic enhancement. This paper emphasizes the ongoing genetic improvement in pigeonpea with an amalgam of conventional breeding as well as genomic research.     

Bulk pollen pollination in maize for efficient construction of introgression populations with high genome coverage

Introgression populations consist of a set of introgression lines or families, constructed by continuous backcrossing to the recurrent parent, while carrying a limited number of chromosome segments from a donor parent in their genomes. Increasing the genome coverage is an important aim when constructing introgression population. In this study, we proposed bulk pollen pollination (BPP) method and used it to increase the genome coverage of a maize introgression population. The results showed that the genome coverage of the introgression population constructed using BPP method reached 100% at BC₃ generation, which accorded with the simulation result. The BPP‐based BC₃F_1:2 population could identify most quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected using the F_2:3 population, especially major QTL. Simulation analysis showed that the genome coverage of introgression population increased with the increase of population size and the number of bulked plants, and decreased with the increase of backcross generation. Our results proved the reliability of the BPP‐based introgression population in increasing genome coverage and detecting QTL, and provided references for constructing high‐coverage introgression populations.     

1984－2017年洪泽湖湿地植被覆盖度变化及对水位的响应

为揭示洪泽湖湿地植被覆盖度变化状况,探讨其变化趋势,并分析植被覆盖度与水位的相关关系。本文基于1984－2017年间42期的TM/ETM+/OLI数据,采用像元二分模型估算洪泽湖湿地植被覆盖度,分析研究区域近34年来植被覆盖度的整体特征及动态变化趋势。利用归一化差异水体指数提取洪泽湖的水体信息,同时结合植被覆盖度与其对应的水位监测数据,运用统计分析的方法构建洪泽湖四季的植被覆盖度－水体面积－水位关系模型。结果表明：(1) 研究时段上,洪泽湖湿地的整体植被覆盖度呈略微降低的趋势,中高和高植被覆盖区主要分布于研究区域的西北部及南部。(2) 1984－2017年间,洪泽湖的植被覆盖情况以退化为主,退化面积约为576.1km2,其中不显著退化(82.3%)所占比重最大。(3) 整体上看,研究区的植被覆盖度、水体面积与水位呈极显著性相关,根据三者关系模型得出四季的最适宜水位为春季12.3m、夏季12.9m、秋季12.1m和冬季12.2m。研究结果可为洪泽湖湿地生态环境的科学管理提供理论支撑与技术参考。     

Putative virulence-related genes in Vibrio anguillarum identified by random genome sequencing

The genome of Vibrio anguillarum strain H775-3 was partially determined by a random sequencing procedure. A total of 2,300 clones, 2,100 from a plasmid library and 200 from a cosmid library, were sequenced and subjected to homology search by the BLAST algorithm. The total length of the sequenced clones is 1.5 Mbp. The nucleotide sequences were classified into 17 broad functional categories. Forty putative virulence-related genes were identified, 36 of which are novel in V. anguillarum, including a repeat in toxin gene cluster, haemolysin genes, enterobactin gene, protease genes, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes, capsule biosynthesis gene, flagellar genes and pilus genes.     

Detection and characterization of a rhabdovirus causing mortality in black bullhead catfish,Ameiurus melas

This study fully describes a severe disease outbreak occurred in 2016 in black bullhead catfish farmed in Italy. Affected fish showed nervous clinical signs as well as emaciations and haemorrhagic petechiae on the skin at the fin bases, abdomen and gills. Viral isolation in cell culture allowed the subsequent identification of a rhabdovirus, tentatively named ictalurid rhabdovirus (IcRV), through electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The newly isolated virus, together with 14 additional viral strains stored in our repository and detected during similar mortality episodes in the period 1993–2016, was phylogenetically analysed on the basis of the nucleoprotein and the glycoprotein nucleotide and amino acid sequences. The genetic distances among Italian IcRV strains were also estimated. Our results show that all the IcRV strains belong to the genus Sprivivirus and are closely related to the tench rhabdovirus (TenRV). Italian catfish production is constantly decreasing, mainly due to viral infections, which include the newly characterized IcRV. Data presented in this work will assist to investigate the molecular epidemiology and the diffusive dynamics of this virus and to develop adequate surveillance activities.     

脊尾白虾不同发育期mtDNA拷贝数变化特征分析

为了解脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)在不同发育期线粒体基因组(mtDNA)拷贝数的变化特征,本研究共采集其8个时期(受精卵期、溞状幼体Ⅰ期、溞状幼体Ⅱ期、溞状幼体Ⅲ期、溞状幼体Ⅳ期、溞状幼体Ⅴ期、仔虾期和成虾期)的DNA样品,利用TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR技术,对上述各发育期单个细胞中的mtDNA拷贝数进行了测定。检测结果显示,脊尾白虾受精卵期、溞状幼体Ⅰ期、溞状幼体Ⅱ期、溞状幼体Ⅲ期、溞状幼体Ⅳ期、溞状幼体Ⅴ期、仔虾期和成虾期的mtDNA拷贝数的均值分别为2366、2648、2644、2873、3559、9948、6452和8872。进一步统计分析结果显示,mtDNA拷贝数与发育时间存在正相关性,相关系数为0.83。研究表明,随着脊尾白虾不断生长,其单个细胞中mtDNA拷贝数总体呈上升趋势。     

斜带髭鲷线粒体DNA控制区序列的结构分析

采用PCR技术获得我国南海斜带髭鲷（Hapalogenys nitens）养殖及野生群体共50尾样品的mtDNA控制区全序列,长度范围788～790bp;测得序列与GenBank下载的其他鲈形目鱼类D-loop全序列利用CLUSTALX进行排序后,对控制区结构进行分析。识别了其终止结合序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区,指出了终止相关序列的主体是TACAT与其反向互补序列ATGTA以及一系列保守序列（CSB-F、CSB-E、CSB-D和CSB-1、CSB-2、CSB-3）,并给出了其一般形式;此外,基于斜带髭鲷D-Loop全长序列,利用贝叶斯法构建了分子系统进化树。结果显示,斜带髭鲷养殖群体与野生群体部分样品各自紧密聚成一小支,而在整棵进化树上,养殖样品与野生样品相互交错聚集在一起,可见本研究海区斜带髭鲷养殖群体与野生群体之间的遗传差异分化不显著。     

圆斑星鲽线粒体基因组全序列结构及其进化

利用圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus Temminck et Schlegel)和相关鱼类的部分线粒体基因序列,设计出6对扩增引物,通过PCR扩增产物直接测序和引物行走(Primer walking)法测定圆斑星鲽线粒体基因组全序列,并对其进行结构与进化分析。圆斑星鲽线粒体基因组序列长17273 bp,其基因序列及构成都与其他硬骨鱼基本相同,包括37个基因(2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和13个蛋白质编码基因)和2个非编码区(控制区和WANCY区)。在22个tRNA基因中,tRNAGln、tRNAAla、tRNAAsn、tRNACys、tRNATyr、tRNASer(第2个)、tRNAGlu和tRNAPro的编码基因位于L链上,其余则位于H链上。在13个蛋白质编码基因中,除了COⅠ基因的起始密码子为GTG外,其余均以ATG为起始密码子。蛋白质编码基因包括具有完整TAA终止密码子的ND1,COⅠ,ATP8,ND4L,ND5,而其他蛋白编码基因则具有不完全终止密码子。在L链上,ND6是仅有的一个蛋白质编码基因。圆斑星蝶的控制区包含1个终止相关序列区(ETAS)、6个中央保守序列区(CSB-A、B、C、D、E、F)和3个保守序列区(CSB-1、2、3)以及长串联重复区(Tandemly repeat sequence)。用NJ法和MP法对5个目22种鱼mtDNA的13个蛋白质编码基因的氨基酸序列进行系统分析,结果显示,圆斑星蝶与石鲽关系最近,鲽形目的鲆、鲽类与鲈形目的科(Carangidae)、鲷科(Sparidae)鱼类亲缘关系较近,而同属于鲽形目的塞内加尔鳎(Solea senegalensis)没有和任何目聚在一起,成为一个独立的分支。圆斑星蝶的基因组全序列序列已提交到GenBank,登录号为DQ403797,控制区单元型序列的GenBank登录号为DQ834444~7。