簇毛麦6VS特异转录序列P21461及P33259的获得及其分子标记在鉴定小麦-簇毛麦抗白粉病育种材料中的应用

簇毛麦6V#2S和6V#4S染色体臂分别携带抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm V,在与小麦的杂种后代中,抗病基因与外源染色体臂共分离。开发鉴定2条外源染色体臂间多态性的序列,尤其是遗传信息相对缺乏的6V#4S染色体臂的序列,对于其在遗传与育种上的应用具有重要意义。本研究以携带6V#4S·6DL染色体的小麦易位系Pm97033及感病小麦亲本宛7107接种白粉菌的叶片转录组数据为资源,通过差异基因筛选、共线性分析、簇毛麦基因组扩增及测序验证的方法,鉴定出来自6V#4S的表达序列P21461和P33259,其中基于P21461序列设计的引物P461-5在簇毛麦6V#2S和6V#4S染色体臂的扩增产物具有30 bp的In Del和4 nt的多态性。用该引物转化的标记P461-5a可以鉴定抗白粉病小麦品种和高代品系所含的外源染色体,显示其在簇毛麦抗源鉴别和小麦抗病育种辅助选择中潜在的应用价值。根据P33259开发的标记P259-1可以对含有6V#4S染色体臂的材料进行特异扩增,但对6V#2S·6AL易位染色体没有扩增产物,因此P259-1可作为6V#4S·6DL易位染色体的特异分子标记。q RT-PCR分析结果显示,P21461的表达不受白粉菌诱导,而P33259在接菌后12 h和24 h的转录水平比接菌前提高约2倍,推测其可能参与Pm97033与白粉菌的早期互作。     

Cryptic species and population genetic structure of Plasmopara viticola in São Paulo State,Brazil

Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the most important diseases in grape-growing areas worldwide, including Brazil. To examine pathogen population biology and structure, P. viticola was sampled during the 2015/16 growing season from 516 lesions on nine grape cultivars in 11 locations in subtropical areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. For identification of cryptic species, a subsample of 130 isolates was subjected to cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis, and for 91 of these isolates the ITS1 region was sequenced. These analyses suggest that the population of P. viticola in São Paulo State consists of a single cryptic species, P. viticola clade aestivalis. Seven microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic structure of all 516 P. viticola isolates, identifying 23 alleles and 55 multilocus genotypes (MLGs). Among these MLGs, 34.5% were clonal and represented 93% of the isolates sampled. Four dominant genotypes were present in at least five different locations, corresponding to 65.7% of the isolates sampled. Genotypic diversity (Ĝ = 0.21–0.89) and clonal fraction (0.58–0.96) varied among locations (populations). Most populations showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg expectations; in addition, excess of heterozygosity was verified for many loci. However, principal coordinate analysis revealed no clusters among locations and no significant isolation by distance was found, suggesting high levels of migration. The results indicate that downy mildew epidemics result from multiple clonal infections caused by a few genotypes of P. viticola, and reproduction of P. viticola in São Paulo State is predominantly asexual.     

吉林省大豆品种（系）遗传多样性分析

为明确吉林省2003—2022年育成的大豆品种（系）的遗传距离和亲缘关系,选取2003—2022年育成的299份大豆品种（系）为试验材料,利用覆盖大豆基因组的SNP标记对其进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析。结果表明：1）3 240个SNP标记在参试材料中共检测出A/A、A/G、A/T等16种基因型,分子标记多态信息量（PIC）范围为0.009 9~0.556 1,平均值0.318 4;使用Powermarker vision 3.25软件,得到样本群体等位基因频率为0.688 3、平均PIC为0.318 5。2）参试材料间遗传相似系数在44.86%~95.46%,平均为63.40%;其中,遗传相似系数在60%~70%的材料最多,样本数为170份,占参试材料的56.86%。3）根据遗传距离将参试材料划分为4个类群,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类群分别含有8、3、115、173份品种（系）;来源于同一育种单位的品种（系）一般划分到同一类群。4）进一步利用STRUCTURE进行遗传结构预测,结果显示K=4,表明参试的299份品种（系）可被划分成4组独立的遗传结构类群;第1、2、3、4遗传结构类群分别含有24、18、105、152份品种（系）,第1遗传结构类群含祖先遗传物质最多,第2、3、4遗传结构类群中外引遗传物质占比逐渐增多,第4遗传结构类群中外引遗传物质占比为46.80%。综上,参试大豆品种群体总的遗传背景相对狭窄,但随着外引遗传物质的引入,第4遗传结构类群（152份）的遗传多样性显著高于总体水平。     

河南小麦新育成品种(系)白粉病抗性鉴定与分子标记检测

利用华北地区流行的白粉菌菌株E09和E20,分别对河南省小麦新品种(系)区域和预备试验参试材料908份(2009—2013年度)和412份(2009—2012年度)进行苗期白粉病抗性鉴定,同时利用与Pm2、Pm4a、Pm8和Pm21基因连锁的分子标记检测相关抗病基因的分布。结果显示,抗E09的材料占21.9%(199/908),抗E20的材料占9.5%(39/412),同时抗E09和E20的材料仅占3.6%(15/412)。在908份供试材料中,580份含有1BL/1RS,占63.9%,含Pm8或新的1RS来源抗白粉病基因;另有2份材料含6AL/6VS来源广谱抗白粉病基因Pm21,8份可能携带Pm2,2份可能含有Pm4a;有6份材料可能含有多个抗白粉病基因。表明河南省近年育成的小麦新品种(系)依然含有对我国白粉菌菌系有效的抗白粉病基因,但抗源遗传基础较窄,部分已经或正在丧失抗性,应加快引进和利用新的多样化抗病基因资源。     

两种施肥环境下冬小麦京411及其衍生系产量和生理性状的遗传分析

明确高产广适性与肥料高效利用相关性状的遗传特性对培育优良新品种具有重要意义。本研究以京411及其衍生后代共15个品种(系)为材料,在4个正常施肥和1个常年不施肥环境下研究品种(系)的产量构成因素和生理性状,结合90K SNP芯片,解析骨干亲本携带的产量和生理性状等位基因信息,探讨优异基因对高产品种的贡献。结果表明,正常施肥环境下,京411衍生后代的产量和收获指数均随世代增加呈逐渐上升趋势,其中收获指数增加较为显著(P0.05)。冠层温度对籽粒产量有重要贡献(P0.05),而叶面积指数和光合速率对收获指数有显著贡献(P0.05)。两种施肥条件下中麦175具有较高且稳定的产量和生物学产量,主要与其较高的肥料吸收效率有关。控制产量和生理性状的遗传区段主要分布在A和B基因组上,2B、3A和5A染色体分别携带控制穗粒数、叶面积指数和光合速率的位点。京411携带31个对产量和生理性状为正向效应的等位基因,衍生品种CA0958和中麦175携带的正向效应区段最多,分别占正向效应位点总数的53.85%和51.35%。中麦175的高产潜力和广适应性可能与其携带较多有利等位基因有关。     

Isozyme studies of genetic diversity and evolution in Hippophae

Summary To provide information on the genetic variation, differentiation and evolution in Hippophae seed samples of 25 populations from China, Finland and Russia were electrophoretically analyzed. Of six loci investigated, four were good genetic markers for identifying species and subspecies. The percentages of polymorphic loci per population were 40.3% and 62.5% at 0.95 and 0.99 polymorphic criteria respectively. The mean number of alleles per locus per population was 2.1. Total genetic diversity in the material was 0.4614. Genetic diversity partitioning showed that there was a large amount of diversity residing within geographical populations (0.1354), between subspecies within species (0.1046) and between species (0.2566) but not between geographical populations (0.0114). There were nearly twice as many negative fixation indices as positive ones in Hippophae populations. The phylogenetic tree agreed very well with botanic classifications of the species and subspecies and their geographical distributions, and quantitatively presented the genetic relationships of 25 populations. A detailed view of the evolutionary stages in Hippophae showed clearly a general decline of similarity as evolutionary divergence continued, which further explained the evolution process in Hippophae.     

杂交水稻品种指纹鉴定研究进展

从蛋白质指纹和DNA指纹两个方面,综述了杂交水稻品种指纹鉴定研究的进展和不足。对SSR标记在品种指纹鉴定上的应用前景,单一特异标记的筛选和实验室标准检测技术的建立作了探讨和展望,以利于加快杂交水稻品种指纹鉴定的发展和应用。     

绿豆抗豆象基因PCR标记的构建与应用

 采用PCR分子标记技术，对16个绿豆品种（系）进行了遗传分析。在选用的56个随机引物中，发现抗豆象品种与感豆象品种间有一定差异。根据聚类分析结果将它们分成抗豆象野生种（TC1966）、抗豆象栽培种（V2709）、抗豆象杂交后代（VC3890A2/TC1966-23）和混合类型4个大组。以绿豆抗豆象和感豆象品种及抗豆象品种×感豆象品种组合的F2群体为试验材料，利用BSA法，对抗（感）豆象品种池和一个组合F2的抗（感）豆象池进行了鉴定，获得一个共显性标记。经F2分析，在抗豆象个体中扩增出约1.79 kb的特异片段或2个特异片段（1.79 kb/1.03 kb）；在感豆象个体中仅扩增出约1.03 kb的特异片段。初步认为此标记与TC1966的抗豆象基因位点紧密联锁，可用于绿豆抗豆象种质鉴定和遗传育种的分子标记辅助选择。     

几个新育成粳型光温敏核不育系的配合力分析

用6个粳型光温敏核不育系(5个新育成和1个对照)和6个恢复系组成6×6不完全双列杂交,对11个主要农艺性状进行了配合力分析。结果表明,亲本的一般配合力效应在杂种F1的表现中比特殊配合力效应起着更重要的作用。各不育系单株产量的GCA效应与对照相比没有显著差异。Y27S、117S、118S的每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、着粒密度属Ⅰ、Ⅱ类亲本,有效穗数、播始历期和全生育期属Ⅲ、Ⅳ类亲本,可用作选配早熟高产大穗型组合的亲本;B30S的有效穗数、结实率属Ⅰ类亲本,可用作选配多穗型组合的亲本。各性状的群体配合力方差组成中,单株产量的加性效应占57.72%,非加性效应占42.28%,相差不大,其余性状均以加性效应占主导地位。