Identification of a RAPD marker linked to a brown planthopper resistance gene in rice

We report the tagging of a brown planthopper (BPH) resistance gene (Bph–1) in rice using RAPD and RFLP markers. The Korean rice variety ‘Gayabyeo’ has dominant duplicate genes including Bph–1 conferring resistance to biotype 1 of BPH. Bulked segregant RAPD analysis was employed for rapid identification of DNA markers linked to resistance genes. For tagging these two genes, an F2F3 population from a ‘Gayabyeo’ × ‘Nagdongbyeo’ cross was developed and evaluated for BPH resistance. Three bulked DNAs from two groups of homozygous BPH resistant (each for Bph–1 and the other unknown gene) and homozygous susceptible F2 plants were analyzed by RAPD using 140 random oligomers. One primer, OPD–7 yielded a 700-bp fragment that was present in Gayabyeo and resistant F2 plants (homozygous for Bph-1 locus) but absent in Nagdongbyeo and susceptible F2 plants. Cosegregation of this marker with Bph-1 was verified using an F2 population segregating for Bph-1. Chromosomal regions surrounding the Bph-1 were examined with additional RFLP and microsatellite markers on chromosome 12 to define the location of the RAPD marker and Bph-1. Use of this RAPD marker could facilitate early selection of resistant lines for BPH. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

陆地棉高品质系数量性状的遗传变异与选择指数

 研究了20个高品质陆地棉品系12个数量性状的遗传变异、广义遗传力、遗传相关及产量的选择指数。结果表明,单株产量和株铃数具有较大的遗传变异,纤维品质性状的遗传变异较小,说明继续改良高品质系的产量性状潜力较大。纤维品质性状的广义遗传力介于79.07%~89.47%之间,产量及产量组分性状中以衣分和铃重最高,广义遗传力分别为89.1%和81.85%,单株皮棉重最低,为55.05%。单株皮棉重与株铃数、株铃数与果枝数成极显著遗传正相关。利用与单株皮棉重遗传相关较强的多个性状构建的选择指数,比单纯选择单株皮棉重的效果好,其中以单株皮棉重、株铃数、果枝数和果节数结合选择的效果最佳。     

The genetic relationship between popping expansion volume and two yield components in popcorn using unconditional and conditional QTL analysis

Popping expansion volume (PEV) is the most important quality trait in popcorn, while its germplasm is inferior to normal dent/flint corn in yield. In this study, 259 F_2:3 families, developed from the cross between a dent corn inbred Dan232 and a popcorn inbred N04, were evaluated for their PEV, grain weight per plant (GWP) and 100-grain weight (100 GW) in two environments. The genetic relationship between PEV and GWP, and 100 GW on individual gene loci were evaluated using unconditional and conditional QTL mapping methods. In total, five, one and three unconditional QTL were identified for PEV, GWP, and 100 GW, respectively. The positive alleles of all QTL for PEV were from N04, while positive alleles of all QTL for GWP and 100 GW were from Dan232. In conditional mapping, one and two QTL failed to be detected, and all four additional QTL were detected. Nevertheless, three QTL were identified, which controlled PEV independently from GWP/100 GW. They seemed to be potential candidates in popcorn breeding to increase PEV without decreasing GWP/100 GW. The results suggested that for significantly correlated traits, the conditional QTL mapping method could be used to dissect the genetic interrelationship between traits at the level of individual QTL, as well as reveal additional QTL that were undetectable by unconditional mapping.     

首批海岛棉基因组来源的微卫星标记的分离、评价和定位

海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)是世界上最重要的栽培棉种之一。海岛棉纤维品质优良,是优质棉的重要产源。为了研究海岛棉的遗传多样性,为海岛棉育种提供参考依据,从海岛棉遗传标准系中分离基因组来源的微卫星标记用于海岛棉遗传评价。采用两种方法分离微卫星标记,一是用ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) 引物扩增Pima3-79,克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记;二是利用简并引物扩增Pima3-79,克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记。共挑选1 447个克隆,筛选出239个独立克隆。测序后得到214个单一序列,其中包含微卫星并可用于引物设计的序列70个,获得86对引物。86对引物用于扩增56个海岛棉材料和4个陆地棉材料,16对引物没有扩增,43对引物在所有材料中没有多态性;27对引物在海岛棉和陆地棉之间有多态性,19对引物在海岛棉中表现多态性。利用Jaccard相似系数和UPGMA方法进行聚类分析可以明显区分陆地棉和海岛棉,并且将海岛棉分为4类。14对引物在BC₁群体中表现多态性,产生14个位点。9个位点整合到BC₁连锁图的7个染色体上,4个位于A亚基因组,5个位于D亚基因组。海岛棉微卫星标记扩展了棉花微卫星标记,有助于海岛棉遗传多样性的研究,有利于棉花遗传图谱的进一步丰富。     

Recent advances in molecular genetics of forest trees

The use of molecular markers has greatly enhanced our understanding of the genome structure of forest trees. Conifers, in particular, have a relatively large genome, containing a very high proportion of repeated DNA, consisting of tandemly repetitive and dispersed repetitive DNA sequences. The nature of highly conserved tandemly repetitive rRNA genes has been investigated in a number of tree species, and their sites mapped on specific chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Different families of retrotransposons (IFG, and TPE1) have been isolated and characterized from the dispersed repetitive DNA of pines. Genome maps have been constructed in a number of forest tree genera: Pinus, Picea, Pseudotsuga, Cryptomeria, Taxus, Populus, and Eucalyptus. EST databases have been established from cDNA clones of pines and poplars. The structure and maternal or paternal modes of inheritance of organelle genomes have been investigated in forest trees. Comparative mapping in conifers has shown that gene families are conserved across genera. Due to lack of polyploidy in conifers, the evolution of this group of trees may have occurred primarily by duplication and dispersal of genes, probably by retrotranspositions, to form complex gene families. The evolution of angiosperm tree species has presumably involved both gene duplication as well as genome duplication (polyploidy). Application of genetic engineering has shown that genes from phylogenetically unrelated organisms can be introduced and expressed in trees, thus offering prospects of genetic improvement of forest trees. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic mapping of loci determining long glumes in the genus Triticum

Elongated glumes are present in thetetraploid wheat species T.polonicum, T. turanicum, T.durum convar. falcatum and in thehexaploid species T. petropavlovskyi.Inheritance of glume length was studiedwith the aim to map the respective lociusing wheat microsatellite markers. In T. polonicum and T. petropavlovskyiloci conferring long glume were mapped nearthe centromere on chromosome 7A. These twoloci are designated P-A ^pol 1 andP-A ^pet 1, respectively. It isshown that both are probably homoeoallelicto each other and to the P gene ofT. ispahanicum on chromosome 7B. The loci determining elongated glumes in T. turanicum and T. durum conv. falcatum are not homoeologous to the P loci in the centromeric region of thegroup 7 chromosomes.     

棉花抗黄萎病基因的QTL定位

以高感黄萎病的陆地棉品种"邯郸208"与高抗黄萎病海岛棉品种"Pima90"的136个F2单株为作图群体,构建了一个包括17个连锁群、标记间平均间距18.61cM、全长1842.8cM的陆海种间分子标记遗传连锁图,该图约覆盖棉花基因组的36.8%。单因子方差分析和复合区间作图检测到与黄萎病抗性相关的3个QTL,分别位于第四连锁群和第七连锁群上,分别解释表型变异方差的15.39%、54.11%和57.18%。初步认为海岛棉"Pima90"对陆地棉"邯郸208"的黄萎病抗性由两个主效QTL和一个微效QTL共同控制。     

基于改进CASREL的水稻施肥知识图谱信息抽取研究

为实现水稻施肥知识图谱自动化构建,为后续构建水稻施肥决策系统提供基础,定义了水稻施肥体系数据结构并制作水稻施肥数据集,结合水稻施肥数据特点,添加单位标注器,并改进CASREL解码加入隐藏层,提出了基于RoBERTa-wwm编码+改进CASREL解码的信息抽取模型,同时针对编码与解码环节进行试验对比。结果表明,基于该模型的F1值达到91.86%,与对比模型相比有较为显著的提升。基于改进RoBERTa-wwm-CASREL的信息抽取模型能有效提高水稻施肥信息抽取效果,为水稻施肥知识图谱构建以及施肥决策系统提供基础。     

基于工作空间的果园作业平台结构参数优化与试验

为提高果园作业平台的适用性和操作灵活性,根据乔砧密植的纺锤形苹果种植模式确定其目标工作空间,以工作空间尺寸偏差、工作空间体积和平均可操作度描述其可达工作空间性能,分析了平台主要结构参数杆长和关节变量（关节角、连杆偏移）对工作空间性能的影响。建立了以可达工作空间性能和结构紧凑为指标的优化模型,利用遗传算法求解得出最优参数为：杆2和杆4的长度分别为988、879mm,关节1、3的关节角范围分别为[107°,256°]、[-118°,-76°],关节5、6的连杆偏移最大值分别为720、340mm。优化后其可达工作空间尺寸偏差分别减小96.09%、95.60%,体积减小4.69%,平均可操作度增加1.43%。对优化后的果园作业平台进行了实地果园工作空间试验,结果表明：承载质量为65kg、横坡坡度为15°、纵坡坡度为15°时,工作空间尺寸偏差最大,分别为16.2、16.7mm,比原型分别减小93.89%、93.76%。     

基于多变异分组遗传算法的多机协同作业静态任务分配

为解决农业机械（简称农机）多机协同作业前的任务分配问题,提出了基于多变异分组遗传算法的同种农机多机协同作业静态任务分配方法。首先,根据农机合作社实际作业模式,基于农机性能参数和任务参数,综合考虑机群的作业时间、作业油耗和路程代价等因素,建立了多机协同代价函数;根据多机协同作业特点,构建了多变异分组遗传算法,设计了两段式编码、分组交叉算子和多种变异算子,并建立了农机多机协同作业静态任务分配模型;通过仿真试验对比分析了算法的性能,并采用不同的代价权重进行了任务分配仿真试验;最后,采用不同的权重对实际深松作业进行任务分配试验,对本文提出算法进行了验证。结果表明：在不同权重下,基于多变异分组遗传算法的多机协同静态任务分配的机群代价比实际作业代价降低了29.48%~55.00%,选取合理权重的静态任务分配具有较高的分配效率和分配性能,能够满足实际多机协同作业中任务分配的要求。