The genetic structure of Mytilus chilensis (Hupé 1854) populations along the Chilean coast based on RAPDs analysis

The Chilean blue mussel Mytilus chilensis is an important commercial species. However, little has been published on the population genetics of this species, despite the need to implement management and conservation policies. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA‐polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to estimate genetic variation within and between eight natural populations along the whole range of its Chilean natural distribution (ca. 1900 km from Arauco (VIII Region) to Punta Arenas (XII Region)). The values of Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D (0.030–0.107), among populations were small, despite the large geographic separation. A mantel test using 50 000 randomizations showed evidence for a significant correlation (r=0.74, P<0.05) between genetic and geographic (coastal) distance. Punta Arenas population was the most genetically differentiated from the others, although the scale of differentiation was not large (D=0.076–0.107). The levels of gene flow (Nm=1.55) found in this study prevent differentiation among populations by genetic drift. This is the result of the long‐lived planktotrophic larvae of M. chilensis, which provides this species with considerable dispersal ability throughout its range, which is favoured by the ocean currents along the Chilean coast. A restricted larval dispersal towards the north due to the Cape Horn Current derived from the West Wind Drift could be the cause of the higher genetic differentiation of Punta Arenas population from the northern populations. For management purposes of the M. chilensis fishery, the results provide no evidence for discrete stocks, with the possible exception of the Punta Arenas population. The present study provides the baseline data in order to continue further characterization of these mussel populations, considering the great increase in aquaculture of this species.     

基于AFLP分子标记的不同类型野生桂花种群遗传结构分析

桂花Osmanthus fragrans具有极高的经济价值和观赏价值。研究野生桂花种群的遗传多样性有利于为新品种的选育以及野生桂花资源的保护提供重要的依据。利用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)技术对江西全南(衰退型)和福建长汀(稳定型)这2个桂花自然种群96个个体进行了遗传多样性评估。7对引物组合共检测到330个清晰位点,其中多态位点276个,占83.64%。在物种水平,桂花的Shannon多态性信息指数(I)为0.428 3,Nei’s基因多样性(He)为0.285 6,表明桂花具有丰富的遗传多样性;在种群水平,福建长汀种群的多态性指数均高于江西全南种群,表明包含不同世代、具有较好自然更新能力的长汀种群携带更丰富的遗传信息;分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明:桂花的遗传变异主要存在于种群内(71%),种群间的遗传变异只占29%;2个种群间存在一定的遗传分化(Gst=0.161 6),种群间基因流较小(Nm=2.594 9)。     

河南省“空心村”形态特征及成因分析

河南省“空心村”分布广,数量大,占地多,并呈现出同心圆、多核心、扇形、带（条）状等多种形态.造成这种现象的原因主要有经济、制度、观念、环境等诸多方面.这种现象的存在和发展,不仅蚕食大量农田直接危及农业发展的物质基础,而且诱发许多矛盾严重妨碍农村经济社会的协调发展.因此,深入分析这种现象的成因,对科学制定村镇建设规划,节约集约利用土地资源,改善农村居住环境,保障农业可持续发展与粮食安全,都是至关重要的.     

海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋前期的生产性能分析

为了掌握海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋前期生产性能的特点及规律,对19~24周龄的有关性状进行了测定,计算了产蛋量和产蛋率等指标,进一步分析了性状间的相关性并建立了相应的回归方程。研究结果表明：产蛋前期的性能表现良好,与品种标准基本吻合;周龄、只日耗料量与产蛋各性状间有强的正相关（p〈0.01）;以周龄（X1）和只日耗料量（X3）为自变量,以X4、X5、X6、X7、X8为依变量分别建立回归方程,均极显著（p〈0.01）。此回归方程可用于产蛋性能的推测及生产管理与控制。     

适宜加工用苹果品种TP-M13-SSR 指纹图谱构建及遗传关系分析

 采用TP-M13-SSR 荧光标记方法,构建19 个适宜加工脆片和25 个适宜制汁的苹果品种在 11 个SSR 位点的指纹图谱,并通过聚类分析研究其遗传关系。仅利用两对引物CH04h02 和CH05d04 即 可区分44 个供试品种,各品种的TP-M13-SSR 指纹图谱互不相同。构建的适宜加工苹果品种的SSR 指纹 图谱可以作为品种特异指纹图谱为品种鉴别提供重要依据。44 个苹果品种的相似系数在0.7259 ~ 0.9704 之间,在相似系数0.798 处划分供试品种,除瑞光、马空、红月、蜜脆、珍宝、赤阳和短枝金冠,其余适 宜制汁的品种均聚到了一起,而适宜加工脆片的品种聚类比较分散。适宜加工苹果品种遗传基础广泛, 适宜加工特性与亲本相关。在制订和完善制汁用和加工脆片用苹果品质评价体系时,需要兼顾遗传关系 与加工特性的相关性。金冠、红玉、国光、富士和元帅等为较好的加工苹果品种的育种亲本,应加强育 种利用。     

基于叶绿体DNA PCR-RFLP分析柿及其近缘种亲缘关系

 应用5对叶绿体DNA（cpDNA）特异引物对柿及其近缘的8个种共32个基因型的cpDNA进行PCR扩增。采用7种限制性内切酶对其扩增产物酶切位点变异分析表明,在供试柿属植物中存在丰富的种间多态性,但供试22个柿种内基因型未检测到变异位点。应用NTSYS中UPGMA法聚类和主坐标分析表明：柿与金枣柿最近缘,其次分别是油柿、云南野毛柿、浙江柿和君迁子,而与美洲柿和乌柿相距较远。野柿（浙江）为柿的变种,聚类结果也表明野柿（浙江）与柿有一定差异。     

黄河口附近海域海洋生物体中石油烃总量变化的研究

在海洋污染中，石油污染是一个主要方面。近年来，随着沿海石油的勘探和开采，石油污染对海洋资源的危害日趋严重。本文就黄河口附近海域海洋生物体内石油烃含量及其相互关系进行了探讨。结果表明，各种海洋生物肌肉中石油烃含量依次为：双壳类＞头足类＞甲壳类＞鱼类，季节和个体大小及不同区域对石油烃含量也有一定的影响。     

Isolation,in vitro propagation,genetic analysis,and immunogenic characterization of an Ehrlichia canis strain from southeastern Brazil

Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene from a blood sample obtained from a dog in southeastern Brazil was used to confirm a naturally acquired Ehrlichia (E.) canis infection. Following isolation and culturing of the new bacterial strain called Uberlândia, partial sequences of the dsb and p28 genes were obtained. The dsb partial sequence of the novel strain was 100% similar to dsb gene sequences of E. canis obtained from different geographic areas around the world. Conversely, the p28 partial sequence for the E. canis Uberlândia strain differed at several nucleotides from other sequences available in GenBank. To confirm the antigenic profile of the Uberlândia strain, an indirect immunofluorescence assay against E. canis antigens was performed using dog sera collected from two different areas in Brazil (Uberlândia and São Paulo). The results suggest that both antigens were able to identify animals seropositive for E. canis in Brazil since these Brazilian strains appear to be highly conserved.     

Rates of inbreeding and genetic diversity in Iranian Holstein Cattle

The accumulation of inbreeding and the loss of genetic diversity is a potential problem in Holstein dairy cattle. The goal of this study was to estimate inbreeding levels and other measures of genetic diversity, using pedigree information from Iranian Holstein cattle. Edited pedigree included 1 048 572 animals. The average number of discrete generation equivalents and pedigree completeness index reached 13.4 and 90%, respectively. The rate of inbreeding was 0.3% per year. Effective number of founders, founder genomes, non‐founders and ancestors of animals born between 2003 and 2011 were 503, 15.6, 16.1 and 25.7, respectively. It was proven that the unequal founder contributions as well as bottlenecks and genetic drift were important reasons for the loss of genetic diversity in the population. The top 10 ancestors with the highest marginal genetic contributions to animals born between 2003 and 2011 and with the highest contributions to inbreeding were 48.20% and 63.94%, respectively. Analyses revealed that the most important cause of genetic diversity loss was genetic drift accumulated over non‐founder generations, which occurred due to small effective population size. Therefore, it seems that managing selection and mating decisions are controlling future co‐ancestry and inbreeding, which would lead to better handling of the effective population size.