基于遗传多样性评估燕麦品种的农艺性状

为客观评价燕麦种质资源重要农艺性状的遗传多样性,并为黑龙江地区燕麦新品种选育提供关键数据,对51份燕麦种质资源13个农艺性状进行了形态多样性指数分析,并对其中的9个数量性状进行了聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,各性状的遗传多样性指数均较大,遗传多样性指数最高的是主穗长(1.517),其次为株高(1.448)和主穗粒重(1.414),性状变异系数最大的是主穗小穗数(34.8%),其次为主穗粒重(33.1%)和单株分蘖数(27.4%);聚类分析将51份燕麦品种的9个数量性状分为4大类群,类群Ⅰ为有益性状不明显,为多目标性状育种的亲本材料,类群Ⅱ为选育矮秆育种目标亲本材料,类群Ⅲ为高杆、增加分蘖数育种目标亲本材料,类群Ⅳ为选育大粒型、多轮层数、多小穗数等育种目标亲本材料。主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分对变异的累计贡献率为70.09%,第一主成分反映种子产量,第二主成反映单株分蘖数,第三主成分反映株高。     

基于SRAP分子标记构建的菊苣遗传连锁图谱

基于SRAP标记,以遗传关系和表型差异大的菊苣亲本PI 651947和PI 652007杂交获得的84个F₁单株为作图群体,进行连锁图谱的构建。采用Map Manager QTX b20软件进行连锁分析,分别构建了PI 651947和PI 652007的分子连锁框架图,共获得77个SRAP标记,其中父本遗传图谱涉及4个连锁群,包含19个标记,图谱总长为450.9 cM,标记间平均图距为23.7 cM。母本遗传图谱涉及13个连锁群,包含58个标记,图谱总长为1404.8 cM,标记间平均图距为24.2 cM。研究结果可为菊苣重要农艺性状QTL定位奠定基础,为菊苣分子育种研究提供了基础信息。     

多花黑麦草品种间杂交F2代分子标记遗传分析

运用序列相关扩增多态性(SRAP)和微卫星标记(SSR)技术对6个多花黑麦草亲本品种及其9个杂交F₂代组合80份材料进行遗传分析。筛选出具有多态性的15对SRAP引物、16对SSR引物,SRAP标记平均每对引物扩增出16.7条带,多态性位点百分率为68.88％。SSR标记平均每对引物扩增出14.75条带,多态性位点百分率为58.05％。通过聚类树状图分析得出结论,杂交F₂代内同一组合基本聚为一类,长江2号×剑宝和长江2号×阿伯德组合除外;父本和母本与其杂交F₂代遗传距离与聚类结果基本一致。同时还发现SRAP标记对杂交F₂代及亲代聚类分析可靠性高于SSR标记。     

Equine hospital data as a source for study of prevalence and heritability of osteochondrosis and palmar/plantar osseous fragments of Swedish Warmblood horses

Reasons for performing study: Disturbances in skeletal development, primarily osteochondrosis (OC) and palmar/plantar osseous fragments (POF), have been commonly reported as problems in young horses. However, there are few reports of such findings for epidemiological analyses or breeding purposes. Objectives: To evaluate equine hospital data as a possible source of information for genetic evaluations by estimating prevalence and heritability of OC in the stifle, hock and fetlock joints and of POF in the fetlock. Methods: Data on Swedish Warmblood (SWB) horses were obtained from a large equine hospital in south Sweden. Prevalences were based on radiographic examinations of 879 screened horses, mainly evaluated as part of a prepurchase examination and 3639 horses with a reported history of orthopaedic problems. For the heritability study the 2 data sources were pooled and 3199 examined horses with pedigree information were considered for the linear animal model analyses. Results: The overall prevalence of OC was 13% (stifle 9%, hock 6% and dorsal osseous fragments in fetlock [DOF] 10%) and POF 10%. The overall heritability of OC was 0.05 on the visible binomial scale. The corresponding heritabilities for OC in the stifle were 0.03, hock 0.08, DOF 0.10 and POF 0.13. These values correspond to heritabilities of 0.09–0.38 on the underlying quantitative scale. Conclusions and potential relevance: Obtained prevalences and heritabilities were in accordance with other studies, supporting the hypothesis that data regularly obtained from equine hospitals may be a valuable source in studies of inherited disorders such as OC and POF. There is a need for more standardised documentation of diagnoses and consistent recording of identity of examined horses using passports or breed databases. Compilation of results from major clinics is desired in order to cover most progenies of stallions used in a region or nation.     

脂肪组织的内分泌功能及其与肌肉组织间的分子信号联系

脂肪组织不仅是机体储存能量的主要场所,还是一个活跃的内分泌器官;骨骼肌同样也具有分泌活性物质的功能,能表达、合成和分泌多种生物信号分子。这些活性因子与许多重要的生理、病理过程有密切的关系。对脂肪组织的内分泌功能及其与肌肉组织间的分子信号联系进行了综述。     

Genetic variability following selection for scrapie resistance in six autochthonous sheep breeds in the province of Bolzano (northern Italy)

Scrapie is an ovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, and its susceptibility is associated with polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Genetic selection is currently the most effective mean for eradication of the susceptible VRQ allele in favour of resistant ARR allele. Maintenance of genetic diversity should be one of the major objectives in breeding programmes, especially in endangered breeds, and genetic information are an excellent alternative to pedigree data where these information are missing. The aim of our study was to determine changes of genetic variability in six native sheep breeds from autonomous province of Bolzano, northern Italy, following simulation of scrapie selection scenarios. A total of 684 rams were investigated for PRNP polymorphisms and for 10 microsatellite loci to estimate genetic variability. Across all loci, a total of 163 alleles were detected with a mean of 10.4 alleles per locus. Average observed (Ho) and unbiased expected (uHe) heterozygosity overall loci were 0.74 and 0.78, respectively, showing a statistically significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in all breeds. This heterozygosity deficit was confirmed by a positive fixation index (Fis), determining a moderate inbreeding in each breed. Simulating a soft selection, where only rams having at least a VRQ allele should be excluded from reproduction, Ho, uHe and Fis values remained almost unchanged, indicating that genetic variability should not be affected by the removal of these individuals. With a mild selection scenario, considering only rams with at least one ARR allele, we observed a decrease in the mean alleles per breed (8.9) and the maintenance of heterozygosity deficiency, except for two breeds, where it was any longer significant. These results showed that selection strategies allowing use of heterozygous as well homozygous ARR rams might be the right compromise to improve resistance to scrapie and to do not dramatically affect genetic variability of these breeds.     

An insight into population structure and gene flow within pure‐bred cats

Investigation of genetic structure on the basis of pedigree information requires indicators adapted to the specific context of the populations studied. On the basis of pedigree‐based estimates of diversity, we analysed genetic diversity, mating practices and gene flow among eight cat populations raised in France, five of them being single breeds and three consisting of breed groups with varieties that may interbreed. When computed on the basis of coancestry rate, effective population sizes ranged from 127 to 1406, while the contribution of founders from other breeds ranged from 0.7 to 16.4%. In the five breeds, F_IS ranged between 0.96 and 1.83%, with this result being related to mating practices such as close inbreeding (on average 5% of individuals being inbred within two generations). Within the three groups of varieties studied, F_IT ranged from 1.59 to 3%, while values were estimated between 0.04 and 0.91%, which was linked to various amounts of gene exchanges between subpopulations at the parental level. The results indicate that cat breeds constitute populations submitted to low selection intensity, contrasting with relatively high individual inbreeding level caused by close inbreeding practices.     

Relationship of Icelandic cattle with Northern and Western European cattle breeds,admixture and population structure

ABSTRACT

Icelandic cattle is believed to have been brought from Norway during the settlement of Iceland around AD 870-930. Previous research on genetic relationships has indicated that Icelandic cattle is most related to northern Nordic indigenous breeds. Using single nucleotide polymorphism genotype data from Icelandic cattle and 29 Northern and Western European cattle breeds, we studied relationships and admixture among these breeds, and assessed population structure in Icelandic cattle. Population structure analysis through principal component analysis, estimation of ancestry, and analysis of patterns of population splitting and mixing revealed that Icelandic cattle are most related to three Finncattle breeds (Eastern, Northern and Western Finncattle), and Swedish Mountain cattle. Icelandic cattle has very low levels of admixture. We observed very limited population structure in Icelandic cattle. The observed structure was due to variable sire contributions. Over 1000 years of almost complete isolation has made Icelandic cattle highly genetically distinct from other cattle breeds.     

伊犁马速步赛成绩与体尺性状的相关性研究

试验对伊犁马速步赛的体尺性状与比赛成绩之间的相关性进行了研究。测定速步赛中不同比赛项目伊犁马的体高(X₁)、体长(X₂)、胸围(X₃)和管围(X₄),计算体长率(X₅)、胸围率(X₆)和管围率(X₇),并用SPSS 18.0软件分析其与比赛成绩之间的相关性。结果表明,在不同的比赛项目中,体尺性状与比赛用时有显著或极显著的相关性(P<0.05;P<0.01)。1000 m速步赛中比赛用时随体高、体长、胸围的增大而减少,随管围、胸围率和管围率的减小而减小;3000 m速步赛中比赛用时随体高、体长的增大而减小,随胸围率和管围率的减小而减小;5000 m速步赛中比赛用时随体高、胸围、体长的增大而减小,随管围率的减小而减小。     

温度对榴莲蜜一号生长的影响

以海南三亚和琼海地区3年生榴莲蜜一号植株为试验材料,研究不同月份的温度以及不同地区的温度对榴莲蜜一号生长的影响。结果表明,二地区的月平均温度与2级侧枝长度增长、2级侧枝叶片增长数和3级以上侧枝叶片增长数均呈现极显著和显著的正相关,即在适宜范围内,温度越高越能促进榴莲蜜侧枝的生长和叶片抽发。三亚地区榴莲蜜的树干直径较琼海地区粗3.18 cm,差异达极显著水平,而冠幅和株高的差异性则由于榴莲一号抗风性差、均通过修枝整形控制树型而未有显现。