Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth,body composition and digestive enzyme activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab,Eriocheir sinensis

This study aimed to determine the optimal protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) and evaluate the effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Nine practical diets containing three levels both for protein (DP 30%, 35% and 40%) and lipid (DL 2%, 7% and 12%) with P/E ratios ranging from 13.69 to 19.79 mg KJ^?1 were fed to four replicates of crabs (3.39 ± 0.10 g) for 10 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with the increase in DP level at each DL level. Moreover, weight gain increased in crabs fed with diets containing DL level from 2% to 12% and DP level from 30% to 35%. However, the diet containing 40% DP and 12% DL levels significantly decreased the growth performance and protein efficiency of the crabs. The whole crab and hepatopancreas lipid contents also increased as dietary lipid increased, but not dietary protein. The total protease activity increased significantly with the increase in dietary protein at each lipid level. The lipase activity was statistically comparable among different DL levels at each DP level. Taken together, the crab fed the diet containing 35% protein and 12% lipid levels with P/E 15.77 mg KJ^?1 revealed optimal growth, feed utilization efficiency and digestive enzymes activities. Moreover, our study indicated that the higher dietary lipid level at a relatively lower dietary protein level could provide protein sparing effect in Eriocheir sinensis.     

Environmental influences on life history strategies in partially anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta,Salmonidae)

This paper reviews the life history of brown trout and factors influencing decisions to migrate. Decisions that maximize fitness appear dependent on size at age. In partly anadromous populations, individuals that attain maturity at the parr stage typically become freshwater resident. For individual fish, the life history is not genetically fixed and can be modified by the previous growth history and energetic state in early life. This phenotypic plasticity may be influenced by epigenetic modifications of the genome. Thus, factors influencing survival and growth determine life‐history decisions. These are intra‐ and interspecific competition, feeding and shelter opportunities in freshwater and salt water, temperature in alternative habitats and flow conditions in running water. Male trout exhibit alternative mating strategies and can spawn as a subordinate sneaker or a dominant competitor. Females do not exhibit alternative mating behaviour. The relationship between growth, size and reproductive success differs between sexes in that females exhibit a higher tendency to migrate than males. Southern populations are sensitive to global warming. In addition, fisheries, aquaculture with increased spreading of salmon lice, introduction of new species, weirs and river regulation, poor water quality and coastal developments all threaten trout populations. The paper summarizes life‐history data from six populations across Europe and ends by presenting new research questions and directions for future research.     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios on growth performance,body composition,nutrient utilization and hepatic enzymes activities of herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Six isonitrogenous (390 g kg^?1) and isoenergetic (16.2 kJ g^?1) diets with varying carbohydrate : lipid (CHO : L) ratios (202.5–1.74), were fed to triplicate groups of 25 fish in indoor recirculation system. Over 8‐week‐growth trial, best weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein production value (P < 0.05) were observed in fish‐fed diets with CHO : L ratio of 7.5. Fish fed either the lowest (1.7) or highest (202.5) CHO : L ratio tended to produce lower (P < 0.05) growth and feed conversion efficiencies. The values of viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio increased as dietary CHO : L ratios decreased. There were no significant differences in whole body and liver crude protein among dietary treatments. Whole body and liver lipid increased as CHO : L ratios decreased. Plasma cholesterol and triacylglyceride levels increased linearly as dietary CHO : L ratios decreased. Activities of glucokinase and pyruvate kinase were stimulated by elevated levels of dietary carbohydrate; however, activities of lipase (LPS) and alkaline phosphatase were stimulated by elevated levels of dietary lipid. Based on a second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG against dietary carbohydrate and lipid levels, 275 g kg^?1 of carbohydrate and 59 g kg^?1 of lipid, corresponding to a CHO : L ratio of 4.7, in a diet holding 390 g kg^?1 of crude protein and 16.3 kJ g^?1 of gross energy, proved to be optimal for grass carp. These results indicated that utilization of dietary lipid and carbohydrate was moderate in grass carp, but the fish were a little more capable of utilizing lipid compared with carbohydrate.     

鱼粉质量对中国对虾、真鲷、饲料转化率和蛋白质消化率的影响

IntroductionInherent to the practice of intensive aquaculture is the generation of wastes having immediate and verybroad effects on the aquatic environment.There is a growing consensus about the need to reduce waste pro-duction in aquaculture to minimize the negative impacts on the environment.Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) wastes are major concerns for many aquaculture operations.In the past,formulation of diets in intensive aquaculture was often aimed at meeting requirements formaximum growt…     

大菱鲆选育家系抗鳗弧菌性能

基于家系选育技术开展了大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)抗鳗弧菌病选育研究, 从2010年构建的37个选育二代家系中选择成活率高的30个家系进行鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)感染实验, 开展对鳗弧菌的抗病性研究。结果表明, 不同家系间抗鳗弧菌感染能力存在着显著差异(P＜0.05); 30个家系中, 鳗弧菌感染后, 12个家系的存活率达到65% 以上, 其余家系的存活率则低于65%; 通过bCOX回归分析, 计算各家系的优势比, 优势比最高的5个家系的存活率达到65% 以上; 对各家系的成活率、优势比和死亡历时差4项指标进行聚类分析, 优势比最高且存活率达到65% 以上的5个家系聚为一类。综合感染家系的高成活率、高优势比以及聚类分析的结果, 选育出5个抗病力较强的优良家系。选育出的抗病力较强的家系可做为抗鳗弧菌选育的核心育种群体, 为抗鳗弧菌病的传代选育奠定良好的基础。

     

Effect of salinity on survival, growth, oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

In this study, we tested the lower salinity tolerance of juvenile shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) at a relatively low temperature (20 °C). In the first of two laboratory experiments, we first abruptly transferred shrimps (6.91 ± 0.05 g wet weight, mean ± SE) from the rearing salinity (35 000 mg L^?1) to salinities of 5000, 15 000, 25 000, 35 000 (control) and 40 000 mg L^?1 at 20 °C. The survival of L. vannamei juvenile was not affected by salinities from 15 000 to 40 000 mg L^?1 during the 96‐h exposure periods. Shrimps exposed to 5000 mg L^?1 were significantly affected by salinity, with a survival of 12.5% after 96 h. The 24‐, 48‐ and 96‐h lethal salinity for 50% (LS₅₀) were 7020, 8510 and 9540 mg L^?1 respectively. In the second experiment, shrimps (5.47 ± 0.09 g wet weight, mean ± SE) were acclimatized to the different salinity levels (5000, 15 000, 25 000, 35 000 and 40 000 mg L^?1) and then maintained for 30 days at 20 °C. Results showed that the survival was significantly lower at 5000 mg L^?1 than at other salinity levels, but the final wet weight under 5000 mg L^?1 treatment was significantly higher than those under other treatments (P<0.05). Feed intake (FI) of shrimp under 5000 mg L^?1 was significantly lower than those of shrimp under 150 00–40 000 mg L^?1; food conversion efficiency (FCE), however, showed a contrasting change (P<0.05). Furthermore, salinity significantly influenced the oxygen consumption rates, ammonia‐N excretion rates and the O/N ratio of test shrimps (P<0.05). The results obtained in our work provide evidence that L. vannamei juveniles have limited capacity to tolerate salinities <10 000 mg L^?1 at a relatively low temperature (20 °C). Results also show that L. vannamei juvenile can recover from the abrupt salinity change between 15 000 and 40 000 mg L^?1 within 24 h.     

提高斑节对虾人工育苗幼体成活率试验

1998年闽南地区斑节对虾人工育苗幼体成活率普遍很低。作者结合多年的斑节对虾育苗生产经验,采取综合的技术措施,进行提高幼体成活率的试验。从无节幼体到仔虾幼体后期(P_(10)—P_(16)),试验的总成活率为42.1％。     

稀有白甲鱼含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

试验结果表明,稀有白甲鱼含肉率为69．92％;肌肉中蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量分别为16．58％、2．05％、0．99％;肌肉中17种常见氨基酸（除色氨酸）总含量（占肌肉干重）为77．89％。其中必需氨基酸含量为36．27％,占氨基酸总含量的46．56％。必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为0．87。鲜味氨基酸含量为26．26％,占氨基酸总含量的33．70％。必需氨基酸指数为70．44。缬氨酸和异亮氨酸分别为第一、二限制性氨基酸。     

应用氮稳定同位素技术研究辽东湾海域主要渔业生物的营养级

应用氮稳定同位素技术分析了2010年6月和8月辽东湾海域主要渔业生物的氮稳定同位素比值,研究了28种鱼类和26种无脊椎动物的营养位置。结果表明,辽东湾海域主要渔业生物的营养级处于2.98～4.84,集中在3.70～4.56;相比6月δ15N值的分析结果,8月有50%的鱼类δ15N值增加,孔鳐(Raja porosa)增幅最大,增加了1.06‰;9种鱼类δ15N值减少,鯒(Platycephalus indicus)减幅最大,减少了1.84‰,可见鱼类样品的δ15N值随季节的变化因种类而各异;8月有87.5%的无脊椎动物δ15N值减少,其中,减少幅度大于1‰的有6种,占37.5%,可见无脊椎动物的δ15N值随季节的变化较明显。通过对不同采样点同种生物δ15N值的比较发现,辽东湾近岸海域的10种无脊椎动物的δ15N值均高于远岸海域,差值范围为0.05‰～1.49‰,差异极显著(P<0.01),说明人类活动引起的陆源污水排放使近岸海洋生物的δ15N值升高。     

Structural and Rheological Characteristics of Alginate from Sargassum cristaefolium Extracted by Twin Screw Extruder

This study aimed to investigate the effects of process extrusion on the characteristics of Sargassum cristaefolium sodium alginate (SCSA) extracted using twin-screw extruder. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) from response surface methodology (RSM) was established to understand the effects of temperature, screw speed, and pH on the multiple-responses of alginate characteristics including intrinsic viscosity, yield, and molecular weight. The results revealed that temperature, screw speed, and pH significantly affected (P < .05) all responses. The optimum extraction condition was found at temperature of 58.18°C, screw speed of 77.99 rpm, and pH 10.11. At this condition, the response of residence time distribution was 7.07 ± 0.029 min, yield of 34.01 ± 0.12%, intrinsic viscosity of 460.13 ± 14.75 mL/g, and molecular weight of 217.94 ± 7.14 × 10³ g/mol. This alginate had mannuronic acid to guluronic acid (M/G) ratio of 0.28, and the L-guluronic acid block was 0.78, which was higher than the D-mannuronic acid block. Rheological characterization of SCSA in aqueous solution was shear-thinning pseudoplastic, and alginate gel in 1 M CaCl₂ was more elastic than liquid.