32种植物提取物的离体抑菌活性测定

用琼胶平板法和悬滴法,测试了32种植物丙酮提取物对小麦赤霉病菌(FusariumgraminerumSchw)、苹果炭疽病菌(Glomerellacingulata(Stonem)Schr.etSpauid)、辣椒疫霉病菌(PhytophthoracapsiciLeon.)、番茄灰霉病菌(BotrytiscinereaPers.)和玉米大斑病菌(ExserohilumturcicumPass.)等5种病原真菌的离体抑制活性。结果表明,在供试质量浓度为干样0.1g/mL时,对2种或2种以上供试菌种菌丝生长的抑制作用达60%以上的植物样品有铁杆蒿(叶)、蒙古蒿(茎叶)、小白酒草(叶)、紫苞风毛菊、牛蒡、太白山蟹甲草和苦参(根)等7种,其中紫苞风毛菊和苦参(根)对4种供试病菌的菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,蒙古蒿(茎叶)对小麦赤霉病菌和番茄灰霉病菌孢子萌发有较高的抑制活性,值得进一步研究。     

大蒜叶枯病田间化学防治试验研究

【目的】研究不同药剂对大蒜叶枯病的防治效果,筛选出适于大蒜叶枯病防治的杀菌剂。【方法】采用田间小区试验的方法,于2009和2010年分别对防治大蒜叶枯病的9种杀菌剂进行田间药效试验。【结果】2009和2010年供试药剂在田间使用剂量范围内,对大蒜叶枯病均表现出较好的防治效果,均在75%以上,其中60%吡唑醚菌酯.代森联WG的1 500和1 800 g/hm2对大蒜叶枯病均有显著的防治效果,2年的防治效果均在87%以上;70%代森联WG 1 200 g/hm2、75%百菌清WP 1 200 g/hm2、25%嘧菌酯SC 1 200 g/hm2、3%中生菌素WP 750 g/hm2,2年的防治效果均在85%以上。【结论】应根据大蒜叶枯病田间发生规律,在发病初期使用60%吡唑醚菌酯.代森联WG 1 500和1 800 g/hm2,间隔7~10 d施药1次,连续施药2~3次,并与3%中生菌素WP 750 g/hm2、70%甲基硫菌灵WP 856.5 g/hm2等不同作用机理的杀菌剂交替使用,以延缓病原菌产生抗药性,提高控制病害的效果。     

甜瓜几种主要病害的杀菌剂防治效果比较研究

试验针对甜瓜叶枯病、蔓枯病、疫病、白粉病,除草剂或化学品药害等,采用不同的杀菌剂进行防治效果比较研究。结果表明:15%三唑酮喷雾对甜瓜叶枯病,70%甲基托布津+68%金雷多米尔喷雾对甜瓜苗期蔓枯病,70%甲基托布津+68%金雷多米尔+12%松脂酸铜涂茎对甜瓜成株蔓枯病,50%苯菌灵+72.2%普力克+黄腐酸硒涂茎加敷土对甜瓜疫病,5%己唑醇喷雾对甜瓜白粉病,解害灵喷雾对误用除草剂或化学品药害等控制效果明显。     

植物源杀菌剂丁子香酚对辣椒疫病的防治效果

测定了植物源杀菌剂0.3％丁子香酚可溶液剂对辣椒疫病的田间防治效果,结果表明,丁子香酚对辣椒疫病的田间防治效果达86．28％,显著优于常用化学杀菌剂克露（代森锰锌·霜脲氰）和雷多米尔（精甲霜灵·锰锌）,与凯特（吡唑醚菌酯·烯酰吗啉）和安克（烯酰吗啉）的防效相当。     

Derivation and testing of a model to predict selection for fungicide resistance

A mathematical model was derived to predict selection for fungicide resistance in foliar pathogens of cereal crops. The model was tested against independent data from four field experiments quantifying selection for the G143A mutation conferring resistance to a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide in powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Fungicide treatments with azoxystrobin differed in the total applied dose and spray number. For each treatment, we calculated the observed selection ratio as the ratio of the frequency of the resistant strain after the last and before the first spray. The model accurately predicted the variation in observed selection ratios with total applied fungicide dose and number of sprays for three of the four experiments. Underprediction of selection ratios in one experiment was attributed to the particularly late epidemic onset in that experiment. When the equation representing epidemic development was modified to account for the late epidemic, predicted and observed selection ratios at that site were in close agreement. On a scatter plot of observed selection ratios on predicted selection ratios, for all four experiments, the 1:1 line explained 89–92% of the variance in the mean of observed selection ratios. To our knowledge, this is the first fungicide resistance model for plant pathogens to be rigorously tested against field data. The model can be used with some degree of confidence, to identify anti‐resistance treatment strategies which are likely to be effective and would justify the resources required for experimental testing.     

不同药剂对烟草靶斑病的抑菌作用及田间药效研究

[目的]筛选防治烟草靶斑病的高效药剂.[方法]采用室内抑菌试验和田间防效试验研究10％井冈霉素水剂、20％噻氟酰胺(满穗)SC、70％甲基硫菌灵WP等12种不同药剂对烟草靶斑病的防治效果.[结果]10％井冈霉素和20％噻氟酰胺(满穗)SC等9种药剂对烟草靶斑病菌的室内抑制效果较好.10％井冈霉素水剂和20％噻氟酰胺(满穗)SC对烟草靶斑病的田间防效最好,相对防效达到70％以上.[结论]10％井冈霉素水剂和20％噻氟酰胺(满穗)SC可以作为防治烟草靶斑病的推荐药剂.     

不同新型作用机制杀菌剂对梨树主要病菌毒力及防治流程应用

 为明确多种新型作用机制杀菌剂与引起梨树褐斑病、黑星病、白粉病等病原菌的有效对靶关系及制定梨树主要病害防治流程,采用菌丝生长速率法、离体叶片法与田间药效方法研究新型杀菌剂对靶标病原菌的毒力、对靶标病害的防效及其田间有效应用,建立替代梨树主要病害传统化学杀菌剂的防治流程技术。结果显示,双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐在离体叶片法下对褐斑病的防效大于85%,田间药效验证3次用药后7 d防效大于85%、30 d防效大于80%、90 d防效仍大于60%,兼治轮纹病菌其毒力EC₅₀值均小于1 μg·mL^-1。双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、辛菌胺醋酸盐、吩嗪α-2羧酸在离体叶片法下对黑星病防效大于90%且毒力EC₅₀值小于1 μg·mL^-1;田间药效验证1次用药后7 d防效大于80%、30 d防效仍大于75%。噻肟菌酯、硝苯菌酯、丙硫菌唑在离体叶片法下对白粉病的防效大于85%;田间药效验证3次用药后7 d铲除效果大于70%、30 d仍大于60%。丙硫菌唑对黑斑、轮纹病菌毒力EC₅₀值均小于1 μg·mL^-1;吩嗪α-2羧酸同时对褐斑、黑斑、轮纹病菌毒力EC₅₀值小于1 μg·mL^-1。针对梨树主要病害发生期,选用新型杀菌剂替代传统杀菌剂制定防治技术流程,其综合防效达到88.94%。不同新型作用机制杀菌剂在防治梨树主要病害上的应用,能够降低抗药性产生,同时达到有效防治的目的。     

A mini-bag technique for evaluation of fungicide effects on Trichoderma spp in mushroom compost

An in vivo technique was developed to observe colonisation of mushroom compost by Trichoderma spp. Isolates of T. harzianum (Th2), T. harzianum (Th1), T. koningii (Tk) and T. viride (Tv) were artificially introduced into compost using a mini-bag system. Wheat grains, colonised by Trichoderma spp, were placed centrally on a layer of compost at the bottom of 1-litre polythene bags which were then filled with 350 g of spawned or un-spawned compost, and partially sealed. After 14 and 21 days incubation at 27 degrees C, the bags were assessed for recovery of Trichoderma from middle and top zones using a needle stab re-isolation technique and a visual colonisation scoring system. Visible green mould contamination, similar to that observed in practice, developed within 21 days. The visual colonisation scoring was reliably related to the re-isolation success. In this evaluation, Trichoderma spp showed considerable differences in their relative abilities to colonise spawned and un-spawned compost, with Th2 isolates being consistently superior to the other isolates of Th1, Tk and Tv in colonising spawned compost. This technique was employed to evaluate the effects of fungicides on the colonisation of mushroom compost by three Trichoderma spp: Th2, Th1 and Tk, using 1-litre and 5-litre mini-bag systems. Aqueous suspensions of benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz and prochloraz+carbendazim incorporated into the compost at 50 mg litre(-1), or applied to spawn at 50 mg kg(-1), reduced the colonisation by Trichoderma spp. Prochloraz and prochloraz+carbendazim were superior to benomyl, carbendazim or thiabendazole in reducing compost colonisation by Th2, Th1 and Tk, with Th2 being the most persistent type, capable of colonising treated compost in the presence of all five fungicides. The prochloraz+carbendazim mixture, not normally used in mushroom production, was equal to or better than prochloraz alone. The incidence of green mould colonisation by Th2 was as extensive in the 5-litre compost bags as in the 1-litre bags, but colonisation by Th1 and Tk was more apparent in the 5-litre bags. The in vivo mini-bag evaluations using wheat grain Trichoderma inoculum and needle stab re-isolation procedures proved an efficient method for studying colonisation and screening for effectiveness of fungicides applied to mushroom compost or spawn.     

不同条件下韭菜汁对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种活性抑制的研究

研究了不同温度、pH值、杀虫剂和杀菌剂的影响下,韭菜汁对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种的抑制作用,以确定韭菜汁在不同条件影响下对病菌的活力。结果表明,在试验的各温度处理后,55℃以上的温度对韭菜汁的成分有破坏作用,菌落的生长受到显著影响。韭菜根汁对病菌孢子的抑制作用不受pH值的影响。酸性至弱碱性情况下,韭菜茎汁对病菌孢子萌发的抑制率为100%;在强碱性条件下,韭菜茎汁中物质的活性促进了孢子的萌发。供试杀虫剂和杀菌剂对韭菜汁的成分无明显破坏作用。     

2种硼基防霉剂对慈竹重组材性能的影响

以慈竹为原料,酚醛树脂（PF）为胶黏剂,硼酸锌（ZB）、硼硼合剂（SBX）为防霉剂,五氯酚钠（Na PCP）为对照药剂制备慈竹重组材,研究添加ZB和SBX对重组竹的物理力学性能及防霉性能的影响。结果表明:ZB和SBX对蓝变菌的防治效力很差。ZB和SBX的添加会削弱板材的物理力学性能,但防霉性能显著提高。研究范围内,这2种药剂的防霉变合理使用量分别为0.70%（ZB）和0.49%（SBX）。