“七五”国家科技攻关项目 蔬菜新品种选育研究——Ⅴ.白菜专题育成的新品种(系)简介

本文介绍了1986～1990年白菜专题11个单位育成的22个白菜新品种(系)。其抗病性、品质、产量均优于原有品种。全部通过了农业部主持的专家组验收。     

Weeding techniques in transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in Pakistan

Field studies were undertaken to explore the weed management strategies for transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in the Dera Ismail Khan district of North-west Frontier Province, Pakistan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split plot arrangement. The main plots consisted of two planting techniques (transplantation and direct seeding), while weed control practises assigned to the subplots included the use of the granular herbicide Sunstar 15WG (ethoxy sulfuron), Machete 60EC (butachlor), conventional hand weeding, and the weedy check (untreated control). Data were recorded on weed dynamics and the agronomic parameters of the rice crop. Economic analyses on the data were also run. The weed density and biomass were lower in the transplantation plots than the direct-seeding plots. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor reduced the density over the weedy check, with a density comparable to hand weeding in 2002, but slightly higher in 2003. As a result of weed management by hand weeding and herbicides, the paddy yield and its components were significantly higher for the transplanted method compared to the direct-seeded method. The comparable yield of herbicides with hand weeding offers an option for the use of herbicides as an alternative management tool. In light of our findings, it is concluded that for good economic returns, rice crops may be transplanted rather than direct-seeded. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor offer a weed control cover comparable with hand weeding under the transplantation method, while butachlor is good for controlling weeds even under the direct-seeded conditions in the agroclimatic conditions of the area.     

Biological and Physical Constraints on Maize Production in the Humid Forest and Western Highlands of Cameroon

The aim was to identify biological and physical factors responsible for reducing maize yield in Cameroon. Two surveys were conducted in 137 fields in two agroecological zones in 1995–1997. In the Humid Forest (HF), Bipolaris maydis, Stenocarpella macrospora, Puccinia polysora, Rhizoctonia solani and soil fertility were factors that reduced maize production in 1995 and 1996. In the Western Highlands (WHL), Cercospora zeae-maydis, and the interaction between soil fertility and maize variety were the most important constraints to maize production in 1996. In 1997, C. zeae-maydis, S. macrospora, physiological spot and stem borer damage (Busseola fusca) were negatively related to ear weight. The combination of these biological factors (diseases and insects), and the physical parameter of soil fertility were responsible for reducing maize yield in these selected benchmarks of Cameroon. Maximum potential yield reductions were estimated at 68% due to B. maydis and 46% due to S. macrospora, respectively, in the HF in 1995. In 1996, maximum potential yield reductions in the HF were estimated at 34%, 41% and 30% due to S. macrospora, P. polysora and R. solani, respectively. In the WHL, C. zeae-maydis had the potential to cause a yield reduction of 79% in 1996. In the WHL in 1997, the interaction between C. zeae-maydis and B. fusca, stem diseases and the physiological spot caused potential reductions of 52%, 34% and 39%, respectively.     

20%多效唑·甲哌 FEE7 微乳剂防止小麦倒伏和增产机理研究

冬小麦二棱期喷施植物生长调节剂20%多效唑·甲哌鎓微乳剂375 mL/hm2,可以显著抑制茎秆基部节间伸长,增加各节间充实度,其中赤霉素(Gas)和生长素(IAA)降低,可显著增强小麦抗倒伏能力和降低田间倒伏率.处理还协调了穗数、穗粒数和粒重的关系,增产幅度6.2%～28.6%.增产原因可能在于促进籽粒灌浆强,增加籽粒中内源Gas、IAA、细胞分裂素(CTKs)的水平,增强了籽粒库活性,同时促进茎叶中干物质向籽粒运转.     

金耳的液体发酵研究

研究表明，金耳(Tremella aurantialba)液体发酵最适培养基组成为玉米粉2％，蔗糖3％，酵母膏0．1％，KH2PO40．1％，MgSO40．05％；培养基最佳初始pH、250mL三角瓶装量、接种量、种子菌龄分别是3．5、80mL、10％和120h；用10L发酵罐发酵时，最佳培养条件是种子种龄144h、28℃、接种量10％、通风量2．5L／min。     

利用远缘杂交创造核果类果树新种质的研究

以桃、杏、李、樱桃、杏梅等果树的 1 4个品种为亲本 ,3年来共进行了 80余个组合的远缘杂交试验 ,探讨了核果类果树远缘杂交的亲和性 ,并对远缘杂种幼胚进行了胚抢救。结果表明 ,铃铛花期授粉的坐果率显著高于初花期授粉 ;同一杂交组合 ,正反交坐果率差异显著 ,母本对远缘杂交亲和性影响很大 ,选择自交亲和或自然坐果率高的种或品种做母本容易克服远缘杂交的不亲和性 ;适宜场强的静电场、He -Ne激光处理及60 Coγ射线与He -Ne激光联合处理花粉 ,均能显著提高花粉离体萌芽率 ,用上述处理的花粉进行的远缘杂交坐果率也明显高于对照 ;60 Coγ射线单独处理则降低了花粉离体萌芽率 ,远缘杂交的坐果率也低于对照 ;对远缘杂种幼胚及时地进行胚抢救 ,并诱导形成多丛芽 ,是克服核果类果树远缘杂种不育性的有效方法。研究并筛选出了李、樱桃胚萌发与生长、多丛芽诱导与增殖以及生根培养等最佳培养基配方。目前已将欧洲甜樱桃×中国樱桃、大石早生李×泰安巴旦水杏及凯特杏×总统李等一批核果类果树远缘杂种定植于露地 ,其中欧洲甜樱桃与中国樱桃的种间杂种是国内外首次获得     

猕猴桃新品种‘中猕1号’

 ‘中猕1号’是从河南伏牛山区野生资源中选出的猕猴桃新品种，结果早，丰产，抗逆性强，果实大，品质优，果肉绿色，果心小，种子少，味甜，有浓郁清香味。     

不同覆盖方式对旱地玉米田土壤环境及玉米产量的影响

分析普通地膜覆盖、小麦秸秆覆盖及露地栽培3种不同处理对旱地玉米田土壤环 境、玉米产量构成因素的影响,结果表明:覆盖栽培能改善土壤环境,降低土壤容重,提高土壤 水分利用率,调节土温、湿度,协调水热资源利用的同步性;秸秆覆盖能增加土壤养分含量,特 别是速效钾含量;在玉米生长后期,提高叶面积指数,延长叶片功能,提高玉米的光合能力从而 防止玉米早衰,增加穗重,提高玉米产量。     

现代集约化肉羊业主要关键技术研究与应用

专门化肉用种羊选定、引进后，通过适应性研究，在较大规模养羊业生产实践中。对现代集约化肉羊业的主要关键技术进行研究、完善和创新，组装集成并应用于生产。技术研究应用结果既为市场提供了大批专门化肉用种羊和优质安全的杂种肉羊，取得了高水平的研究成果及显著的经济效益和社会效益．又为我国目前正在迅速发展的集约化肉羊业提供了可靠的技术支持和理想的生产模式：从适宜的专门化肉羊品种到运用高效母羊快速扩繁技术．建立和完善有效的肉羊杂交利用体系，普遍应用种羊鲜、冻精生产大批肉用杂种羔羊，种植高产优质饲草及其科学加工调制和利用．建立严格兽医防疫制度．实行放牧 补饲或全舍饲的精细管理和集约化育肥，至生产优质、安全、标准肉羊，获得显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

Effects of three short-term pasture allocation methods on milk production,methane emission and grazing behaviour by dairy cows

Two short-term grazing experiments were conducted with Norwegian Red cows. In Exp 1, 24 cows were randomly assigned to one of the following three pasture allocation methods (PAM): weekly pasture allowance (7RG), grazing 1/7 of 7RG each day (1SG), or grazing as 1SG but had access to grazed part of the paddock within one week (1FG). In Exp 2, 7RG was shortened to 5 days (5RG). We hypothesized that PAM will affect sward quality, quantity, intake and production differently. Pasture chemical composition changed with advancing grazing days but were not different between treatments. Pasture intake, milk yield, and methane emission were not affected by PAM. In Exp 1, 7RG cows spent less time on grazing, whereas in Exp 2, 1FG cows spent longer on grazing than others. Patterns observed in sward quality, and behavioural and physiological adaptations of cows to short-term changes in nutrient supply may explain the observed effects.